How should dietary guidance be given for mineral elements with beneficial actions or suspected of being essential?
How should dietary guidance be given for mineral elements with beneficial actions or suspected of being essential?
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对于具有有益作用或疑似必需的矿物质元素，应如何给予膳食指导？
DOI：
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Forrest H. Nielsen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Forrest H. Nielsen
术语超痕量元素，通常用于表示具有确定的、估计的或怀疑的需求的元素，通常用微克/表示，可以适用于至少20种元素。对于超微量元素，营养必要性的实验证据质量差异很大。因此，虽然不同的饮食指导是适当的，这些元素，大多数需要在未来版本的推荐膳食津贴（RDAs）增加关注，原因如下：（1）大众媒体刺激了公众对这些元素的兴趣增加;因此，需要负责任的信息，超微量元素对健康和福祉的有用性。(2)风险评估和毒理学标准受到RDA的影响。需要权威性的建议，以防止阻碍实现有益的超微量元素摄入的标准。(3)一个正在出现的新范式是，营养需求的确定应包括考虑营养素对健康的总体影响，而不仅仅是它们在预防缺乏症病理学中的作用;一些超微量元素已经确定了健康益处。六种超微量元素，碘，硒，锰，钼，铬和硼（和钴作为维生素B12），值得特定的RDA。“估计安全和足够的每日膳食摄入量（ESADDI）”一词不应用于任何其他超微量元素，因为“足够”和“安全”这两个词具有误导性。“表观有益摄入量（ABI）”似乎更适合于具有有益（如果不是必需的）作用的元素，这些元素可以从动物推断到人类;这些元素包括砷、氟、锂、镍、硅和钒。对于剩余的超痕量元素来说，证据太有限或有争议，甚至不能提供一个模糊的ABI。健康饮食中的铝、溴、镉、锗、铅、铷和锡的摄入量应该是适当的。
The term ultratrace elements, often used to indicate elements with an established, estimated or suspected requirement generally indicated by microgram/, could be applied to at least 20 elements. The quality of experimental evidence for nutritional essentiality varies widely for the ultratrace elements. Thus, although differing dietary guidance is appropriate for these elements, most need increased attention in future editions of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for the following reasons: (1) Increased interest in these elements by the public has been stimulated by the mass media; thus, responsible information about the usefulness of the ultratrace elements for health and well being is needed. (2) Risk assessments and toxicological standards are influenced by the RDAs. Authorative advice is required to prevent standards that obstruct the achievement of beneficial intakes of ultratrace elements. (3) An emerging new paradigm is that the determination of nutritional requirements should include consideration of the total health effects of nutrients, not just their roles in preventing deficiency pathology; some of the ultratrace elements have identified health benefits. Six ultratrace elements, iodine, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, chromium and boron (and cobalt as vitamin B12), merit specific RDAs. The term "estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (ESADDI)" should not be used for any of the other ultratrace elements because of the misleading words "adequate" and "safe". "Apparent beneficial intake (ABI)" seems more appropriate for the elements with beneficial, if not essential, actions that can be extrapolated from animals to humans; these elements include arsenic, fluoride, lithium, nickel, silicon and vanadium. The evidence is too limited or controversial for the remaining ultratrace elements to even provide an ambiguous ABI. The amount found in a healthful diet probably should be a value provided for an appropriate intake for aluminum, bromide, cadmium, germanium, lead, rubidium, and tin.