The implications of energy systems for ecosystem services: A detailed case study of offshore wind
The implications of energy systems for ecosystem services: A detailed case study of offshore wind
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DOI：
10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.248
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发表时间：
2017-04
影响因子：
15.9
通讯作者：
Tara Hooper;Nicola J. Beaumont;C. Hattam
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tara Hooper;Nicola J. Beaumont;C. Hattam
在全球范围内，海上风电的部署正在迅速扩大。因此，有必要更好地了解这一部门的经济、社会和环境影响，以及这些影响如何与其他能源系统的影响相比较，以支持能源政策和规划决定。生态系统服务方法提供了一个比传统环境影响评估更全面的社会生态系统视角。该方法还可以在不同的生态群落之间进行比较，因为它考虑了生态影响的社会影响，而不是仍然专注于特定的物种或栖息地。通过从社会角度报告成果，这一方法还有助于与决策者的沟通和权衡评估。海上风电开发对生态系统服务的影响是通过将78项实证研究中评估的生态和文化参数映射到国际生态系统服务共同分类（CICES）框架的定性过程进行评估的。研究表明，广泛的生物物理变量可以一致地映射到CICES层次结构，支持生态系统服务方法从一个广泛的概念发展成为一个影响评估的操作工具。然而，为了提高对结果的信心，仍然需要直接测量海上风电场对生态系统服务的影响，以及将生态和文化变化与生态系统服务影响联系起来的假设的标准化定义。该过程表明，海上风电场对不同的生态系统服务产生了混合影响，对海景和非本地物种的传播产生了负面影响，对商业鱼类和贝类产生了积极影响，可能是最重要的。这项工作还强调需要更好地了解海上风电场对物种和栖息地的长期和人口影响，以及如何将这些影响置于海洋环境的其他压力背景下。
Globally, the deployment of offshore wind is expanding rapidly. An improved understanding of the economic, social and environmental impacts of this sector, and how they compare with those of other energy systems, is therefore necessary to support energy policy and planning decisions. The ecosystem services approach provides a more holistic perspective of socio-ecological systems than traditional environmental impact assessment. The approach also makes possible comparisons across disparate ecological communities because it considers the societal implications of ecological impacts rather than remaining focused on specific species or habitats. By reporting outcomes in societal terms, the approach also facilitates communication with decision makers and the evaluation of trade-offs. The impacts of offshore wind development on ecosystem services were assessed through a qualitative process of mapping the ecological and cultural parameters evaluated in 78 empirical studies onto the Common International Classification for Ecosystem Services (CICES) framework. The research demonstrates that a wide range of biophysical variables can be consistently mapped onto the CICES hierarchy, supporting development of the ecosystem service approach from a broad concept into an operational tool for impact assessment. However, to improve confidence in the outcomes, there remains a need for direct measurement of the impacts of offshore wind farms on ecosystem services and for standardised definitions of the assumptions made in linking ecological and cultural change to ecosystem service impacts. The process showed that offshore wind farms have mixed impacts across different ecosystem services, with negative effects on the seascape and the spread of non-native species, and positive effects on commercial fish and shellfish, potentially of most significance. The work also highlighted the need for a better understanding of long term and population level effects of offshore wind farms on species and habitats, and how these are placed in the context of other pressures on the marine environment.