Fish Cognition and Behavior
Fish Cognition and Behavior
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DOI：
10.1002/9780470996058.ch1
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发表时间：
2011-08
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Culum Brown;K. Laland;J. Krause
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Culum Brown;K. Laland;J. Krause
动物认知领域是理解动物心理能力的现代方法。这些理论在很大程度上是早期比较心理学的延伸，受到行为生态学和动物行为学的强烈影响。认知在文献中有不同的定义。一些研究者将认知局限于更高级的心理功能，包括意识、推理和意识。然而，认知的更一般定义还包括感知，注意力，记忆形成和与信息处理相关的执行功能，如学习和解决问题。动物认知的研究主要局限于鸟类和哺乳动物，特别是非人类灵长类动物。文献中的这种偏见部分是由于20世纪50年代采取的方法，当时认知心理学家开始将已知的人类心理过程与其他密切相关的物种进行比较。这种偏见被一种潜在的误解所强化，即学习在爬行动物和鱼类的行为发展中几乎或根本没有发挥作用。在整个科学史上，鱼类在很大程度上被视为自动机。他们的行为被认为几乎完全由未习得的倾向控制。动物行为学家将它们的行为描述为一系列固定的动作模式，这些动作模式是在暴露于适当的环境线索（符号刺激）时释放的。毫无疑问，鱼类是最古老的脊椎动物，但它们只是在地球上生存了超过5亿年的“原始”，而所有其他脊椎动物都是从一些共同的鱼类祖先（大约3.6亿年前）进化而来的。然而，值得注意的是，鱼类在这段时间里并没有陷入进化的泥潭。它们的形式和功能并没有随着时间的推移而停滞不前。相反，在这段时间内，它们已经非常多样化，以至于鱼类的种类比所有其他脊椎动物的总和还要多（目前描述的物种超过32，000种），几乎占据了所有可以想象的水生生态位。从鱼类到爬行动物和鸟类再到哺乳动物，行为和神经系统的变化都是线性发展的，这种错误的观点主要是由于过时和不科学的思维方式。亚里士多德的自然阶概念
The field of animal cognition is the modern approach to understanding the mental capabilities of animals. The theories are largely an extension of early comparative psychology with a strong influence of behavioural ecology and ethology. Cognition has been variously defined in the literature. Some researchers confine cognition to higher order mental functions including awareness, reasoning and consciousness. However, a more general definition of cognition also includes perception, attention, memory formation and executive functions related to information processing such as learning and problem solving. The study of animal cognition has been largely confined to birds and mammals, particularly non-human primates. This bias in the literature is in part due to the approach taken in the 1950s when cognitive psychologists began to compare known human mental processes with other closely related species. This bias was reinforced by an underlying misconception that learning played little or no role in the development of behaviour in reptiles and fishes. Throughout scientific history fishes have largely been viewed as automatons. Their behaviour was thought to be almost exclusively controlled by unlearned predispositions. Ethologists characterised their behaviour as a series of fixed action patterns released on exposure to appropriate environmental cues (sign stimuli). Whilst there is no doubt that fishes are the most ancient form of vertebrates, they are only ‘primitive’ in the sense that they have been on earth for in excess of 500 million years and that all other vertebrates evolved from some common fish-like ancestor (around 360 million years ago). However, it is important to note that fishes have not been stuck in an evolutionary quagmire during this time. Their form and function have not remained stagnant over the ages. On the contrary, within this time frame they have diversified immensely to the point where there are more species of fish than all other vertebrates combined (currently over 32,000 described species) occupying nearly every imaginable aquatic niche. The erroneous view that both behavioural and neural sophistications are associated in a linear progression from fishes through reptiles and birds to mammals is largely due to a heady mix of outdated and unscientific thinking. Aristotle’s concept of Scala naturae