Climate Mitigation through Biological Conservation: Extensive and Valuable Blue Carbon Natural Capital in Tristan da Cunha's Giant Marine Protected Zone.
Climate Mitigation through Biological Conservation: Extensive and Valuable Blue Carbon Natural Capital in Tristan da Cunha's Giant Marine Protected Zone.
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通过生物保护减缓气候变化：特里斯坦-达库尼亚巨型海洋保护区广泛而有价值的蓝碳自然资本。
DOI：
10.3390/biology10121339
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发表时间：
2021-12-16
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Morley SA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barnes DKA;Bell JB;Bridges AE;Ireland L;Howell KL;Martin SM;Sands CJ;Mora Soto A;Souster T;Flint G;Morley SA
解决生物多样性丧失和气候变化是同一个问题的一部分；如果得到保护，完整的自然栖息地可以提供有力和有效的气候缓解。除了陆地（森林），人们很少认识到海洋自然对减缓气候变化的重要性。海洋生物捕获、储存和掩埋（封存）的碳被称为蓝碳。我们测量了特里斯坦达库尼亚群岛海洋保护区（MPZ）的偏远岛屿和海山周围的蓝碳含量。我们估计，每年有300吨碳（tC）被海藻生物量捕获，其中一部分将沉入海底，成为长期沉积物碳储存的一部分。在较深的水域，我们在最浅的1000米深处发现了约230万tC的存量，其中相当于80万吨二氧化碳有可能被隔离。按照目前的碳价格，如果它能吸引蓝碳信用额度，价值2400万英镑的蓝碳可能会从这个小小的英国海外领土的库存中被隔离出来。这种常存量受到保护，因此，其增长每年可以产生价值350万英镑的额外固碳，使其成为当地经济中未被认可的主要组成部分。在这个例子中，MPZ的经济回报可能在气候减缓计划中排名很高。它传达的信息是，对富含碳的自然栖息地进行有意义的保护，可以极大地帮助社会应对气候变化和生物多样性丧失。提供这种保护的国家应该得到公平的补偿，特别是在损害海洋生境的其他经济利用的情况下。如果实施有意义的保护，富含碳的栖息地可以提供强有力的气候缓解。我们试图在特里斯坦达库尼亚群岛海洋保护区周围进行量化。它的浅海（深度小于1000米）是多种多样的。5.4平方公里的海带可储存约60吨碳（tC），并可向周围深处输出约240吨碳（tC）。在深水区，我们分析了从三次研究巡航中收集的海底数据，包括海底测绘、相机图像、海底海洋学和来自迷你阿加西拖网的底栖生物样本。海山丰富的生物组合与海岛有显著差异，碳储量具有复杂的驱动因素。我们估计，小于1000米水域的底栖生物多样性中储存了约230万tC，其中包括可以被隔离的bb0.22万tC（预计被捕获的碳被埋在沉积物中或被锁定在骨骼组织中至少100年的比例）。其中大部分碳被冷水珊瑚礁捕获，成为无机（主要是碳酸钙）和有机化合物的混合物。作为其2020年海洋保护战略的一部分，这些深水珊瑚礁系统现在受到特里斯坦达库尼亚群岛和海底山代表性禁渔区的全面底拖网捕捞禁令的保护。这个小的联合王国海外领土的珊瑚礁系统代表了大约80万吨二氧化碳当量的固碳；价值100万英镑，2400万英镑（联合国碳影子价格）。这些受保护的树木每年产生价值约300万英镑的固定碳，使其成为特里斯坦达库尼亚等小岛屿国家经济的一个未被认识的潜在主要组成部分。保护接近完整的栖息地有望提供强大的气候和生物多样性回报，这是该保护区的例证。
Solving biodiversity loss and climate change are part of the same problem; intact natural habitats can provide powerful and efficient climate mitigation if protected. Beyond the land (forests), there is little appreciation of just how important ocean nature is to climate mitigation. Carbon captured, stored and the rate at which it is buried (sequestration) by marine organisms is called blue carbon. We measured how much blue carbon occurs around the remote islands and seamounts of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago Marine Protected Zone (MPZ). We estimated that there are 300 tonnes of carbon (tC) captured in seaweed biomass each year, a proportion of which will sink and become a part of the long-term sediment carbon store. In deeper water we found a standing stock of ~2.3 million tC in the shallowest 1000 m depths, of which equivalent to 0.8 million t of carbon dioxide has the potential to be sequestered. At current carbon prices, and were it to attract blue carbon credits, £24 million worth of blue carbon can potentially be sequestered from the standing stock of this small United Kingdom Overseas Territory. This standing stock is protected and growth could, therefore, generate an additional £3.5 million worth of sequestered carbon a year, making it an unrecognized major component of the local economy. The economic return on this example MPZ probably ranks highly amongst climate mitigation schemes. The message is that placing meaningful protection to carbon-rich natural habitats can massively help society fight climate change and biodiversity loss. Nations who provide this protection should be fairly compensated, particularly where it comes at the detriment of other economic uses of marine habitats. Carbon-rich habitats can provide powerful climate mitigation if meaningful protection is put in place. We attempted to quantify this around the Tristan da Cunha archipelago Marine Protected Area. Its shallows (<1000 m depth) are varied and productive. The 5.4 km2 of kelp stores ~60 tonnes of carbon (tC) and may export ~240 tC into surrounding depths. In deep-waters we analysed seabed data collected from three research cruises, including seabed mapping, camera imagery, seabed oceanography and benthic samples from mini-Agassiz trawl. Rich biological assemblages on seamounts significantly differed to the islands and carbon storage had complex drivers. We estimate ~2.3 million tC are stored in benthic biodiversity of waters <1000 m, which includes >0.22 million tC that can be sequestered (the proportion of the carbon captured that is expected to become buried in sediment or locked away in skeletal tissue for at least 100 years). Much of this carbon is captured by cold-water coral reefs as a mixture of inorganic (largely calcium carbonate) and organic compounds. As part of its 2020 Marine Protection Strategy, these deep-water reef systems are now protected by a full bottom-trawling ban throughout Tristan da Cunha and representative no take areas on its seamounts. This small United Kingdom Overseas Territory’s reef systems represent approximately 0.8 Mt CO2 equivalent sequestered carbon; valued at >£24 Million GBP (at the UN shadow price of carbon). Annual productivity of this protected standing stock generates an estimated £3 million worth of sequestered carbon a year, making it an unrecognized and potentially major component of the economy of small island nations like Tristan da Cunha. Conservation of near intact habitats are expected to provide strong climate and biodiversity returns, which are exemplified by this MPA.
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影响因子：
7.6
作者：
de Groot, Rudolf;Brander, Luke;van Beukeringh, Pieter
通讯作者：
van Beukeringh, Pieter
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Bridges, Amelia E. H.;Barnes, David K. A.;Howell, Kerry L.
通讯作者：
Howell, Kerry L.
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Costanza, R;dArge, R;vandenBelt, M
通讯作者：
vandenBelt, M
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Caselle, Jennifer E.;Hamilton, Scott L.;Sala, Enric
通讯作者：
Sala, Enric
DOI：
10.1016/0198-0149(89)90117-9
发表时间：
1989-12-01
期刊：
DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART A-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS
影响因子：
--
作者：
LEVIN, LA;THOMAS, CL
通讯作者：
THOMAS, CL