Pollination drops, pollen, and insect pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms
Pollination drops, pollen, and insect pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms
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DOI：
10.2307/25065853
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发表时间：
2007-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Mostovski, Mikhail B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Labandeira, Conrad C.;Kvacek, Jiri;Mostovski, Mikhail B.
最近对早白垩纪最后3000万年被子植物辐射期间植物-昆虫关联的关注，无意中忽视了裸子植物中发生的类似但更早的多样化。在中生代前被子植物时期，昆虫群落的存在可以从以下几个方面得到证明：能够接触和吸收授粉液滴或类似液体的器官，与昆虫学一致的花粉类型的可用性，以及在主要的种子植物类群中，即种子蕨类、针叶树、苏铁、贝尼塔目和贝尼塔目中相关的花粉、种子和生殖器官的消耗机会。从典型的植物损害、头部附着花粉、肠道内容物、翅膀结构、口器形态和昆虫对植物生殖器官的损害来看，可能的食蜜动物、传粉动物和传粉动物是直翅目、食蚜目、织网目、锯蝇和黄蜂、飞蛾、甲虫、拟翅目和真蝇。尽管最后三个昆虫分支为传粉者的活动提供了最有力的证据，但这些联系从可能到可能被排序。我们记录了两个白垩纪中期这种联系的例子——苏铁纲贝类和甲虫，以及针叶树和苍蝇——有多种证据表明昆虫消耗了植物的生殖组织，也有传粉的相互作用。这些数据揭示了中生代中期植物-昆虫传粉相关关联的一个主要阶段的独立起源，这是被子植物分离、迭代和后来定植的前奏。
Recent focus on plant-insect associations during the angiosperm radiation from the last 30 million years of the Early Cretaceous has inadvertently de-emphasized a similar but earlier diversification that occurred among gymnosperms. The existence of gyrn nospen n -insect associations during the preangiospernious Mesozoic is evidenced by inouthparts capable of reaching and imbibing pollination drops or similar fluids, availability of pollen types consistent with entomophily, and opportunities for related consumption of pollen, seeds, and reproductivek, associated tissues in major seed-plant groups, namely seed ferns, conifers, cycads, bennettitaleans, and unetaleans. Based on stereotypical plant damage, head-adherent pollen, gut contents, wing structure, mouthpart morphology and insect damage to plant reproductive organs, the likely nectarivores, pollinivores and pollinators were orthopterans, phasinatodeans, webspinners, sawflies and wasps, moths, beetles, inecopteroids, and true flies. These associations are ranked from possible to probable although the last three insect clades provide the strongest evidence for pollinator activity. We docurnent two mid Cretaceous examples of these associations-cycadeoideaceous bennettitaleans and beetles and a cheirolepidiaccous conifer and flies-for which there are multiple lines of evidence for insect consumption of plant reproductive tissues but also pollination mutualisins. These data hiahli2ht the independent origin of a major phase of plant-insect pollinator-related associations during the mid iVlesozoic that served as a prelude for the separate, iterative and later colonization of angiosperms.