MOTHER-INFANT EXCHANGES - EPIGENESIS OF CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION
MOTHER-INFANT EXCHANGES - EPIGENESIS OF CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb41575.x
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发表时间：
1975-01-01
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
BATESON, MC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BATESON, MC
本研究报告的研究采用了多种方法来描述和分析母亲和孩子的一种共同表现，这种行为大约从生命的第二个月开始，尽管每个人为互动带来的知识存在差异，但这似乎预示着我们称之为“对话”的成人人际交流。在这里，我们看到婴儿和母亲互相凝视，每个人都微笑着、发出声音，显然带着愉快和一种愉快的礼貌。与成人对话一样，一种方式（视觉）有近乎持续的交流，而另一种方式则有间歇性、交替的交流。这是许多（但不是全部）美国母亲都能立即认出的描述，因此它可能会揭示婴儿期的潜力，即使不是一个必要的发展过程。像这样的序列可以从多种角度进行研究，并且最常用于提取有关母性或儿童发展的证据。其他研究人员的工作已经证实了眼神交流在早期社会发展中的重要性，以及使用操作性条件反射技术来增加不哭婴儿发声频率的可能性：混合的社会刺激有助于加强发声，但母亲发声的影响（与触摸、可见存在、微笑等相比）是重要的？-~然而，此类研究总结了一段时间内发声的总数并认为母亲的反应是自动的，忽略了两者之间的相互作用母亲和婴儿，其中每个人都受到另一个人的行为的影响，并且两个人都是正在进行的事件的共同参与者。这种共同参与只是母亲和孩子相互调节这一普遍问题的一部分。 5 其中一个组成部分显然是基于运动的同步性，b 可能取决于生理节律的编排，这可能提供一个重要的起点。第一部分“研究”将是描述性的，特别关注类似对话的交替模式的发展以及这些可能提供的相互关系的证据，以及婴儿发声的特征，这些发声尚未被系统地描述，因为大多数研究人员并不是从对沟通的人际方面的兴趣开始的。在理论含义中，我们将大大拓宽范围，以便处理标题中“对话”一词的理论依据、进一步理论和描述的需要，以及这一研究领域对发展心理语言学和沟通障碍病因学研究的重要性。
The present study reports research that brought a variety of approaches to bear on the description and analysis of one kind of joint performance of mother and child, starting in about the second month of life, which, in spite of the difference between the knowledge each brings to the interaction, seems to prefigure the adult interpersonal exchanges we call “conversations.” Here we see infants and mothers gazing at each other, as each smiles and vocalizes, apparently with pleasure and a sort of delighted courtesy. As with adult conversation, there is near-constant communication in one modality (visual) and intermittent, alternating communication in another. This is a description immediately recognizable to many (but not all) American mothers, and so it may cast light upon the potentialities of infancy, if not upon a necessary course of development. Sequences like these can be studied from a number of points of view, and have most frequently been used to extract evidence about mothering or about child development. Work by other researchers has established the importance of eye-toeye contact in early social development’and the possibility of using operant conditioning techniques to increase the frequency of noncry infant vocalization: a mixed social stimulus serves to reinforce vocalization, but the influence of maternal vocalization (as contrasted with touch, visible presence, smiling, and so forth) is prep~ nderant?-~ Such research, however, which sums the total number of vocalizations over a period of time and considers the maternal response automatic, ignores the interplay between mother and infant in which each is affected by the behavior of the other and the two are coparticipants in an on-going event. This coparticipation is only part of the general question of mutual regulation of mother and child. 5 One component of this is apparently based on synchrony of movement, b probably depending on an orchestration of physiological rhythms,’which may provide an essential starting point. The first section, THE RESEARCH, will be descriptive, with special attention to the development of patterns of conversation-like alternation and the evidence these may provide of the mutuality involved, and to the characteristics of the infant’s vocalizations, vocalizations that have not been systematically described, since most investigators do not start from an interest in the interpersonal aspects of communication. In THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS we will broaden the scope considerably in order to deal with the theoretical justification of the word “conversation” in the title, the needs for further theory and description, and the importance of this area of research for developmental psycholinguistics and the study of the etiology of communication disorders.