Spider and Bacterial Sphingomyelinases D Target Cellular Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors by Hydrolyzing Lysophosphatidylcholine*

Spider and Bacterial Sphingomyelinases D Target Cellular Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors by Hydrolyzing Lysophosphatidylcholine*
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蜘蛛和细菌鞘磷脂酶 D 通过水解溶血磷脂酰胆碱来靶向细胞溶血磷脂酸受体*

DOI:
10.1074/jbc.c300563200
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发表时间:
2004
影响因子:
4.8
通讯作者:
W. Moolenaar
W. Moolenaar
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
L. V. van Meeteren;F. Frederiks;B. Giepmans;M. Pedrosa;S. J. Billington;B. Jost;D. Tambourgi;W. Moolenaar

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被粘液蜘蛛叮咬会产生严重的临床症状,包括皮肤坏死、血栓形成、血管渗漏、溶血和持续性炎症。致病因素是一种神经鞘磷脂酶D(SMaseD),它能将神经鞘磷脂裂解成胆碱和神经酰胺1-磷酸。一种类似的酶,显示出类似的生物活性,由某些致病棒状细菌分泌,并作为一种强大的毒力因子。然而,SMaseD毒性的分子基础尚不清楚,这阻碍了有效的治疗。在这里,我们发现蜘蛛和细菌SMase D水解白蛋白结合的溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC),而不是鞘氨醇磷脂酰胆碱,Km值(∼20-40μm)远低于血液中正常的LPC水平。因此,毒性SMase D对LPC具有内在的溶血磷脂酶D活性。LPC水解物产生脂类介体溶血磷脂酸(LPA),它是一种已知的血小板聚集、内皮高通透性和促炎反应的诱导剂。将LPA1受体基因导入LPA受体阴性的细胞,使不敏感的细胞对SmaseD敏感,但仅在含有LPC的培养液中。循环中的LPC降解为LPA,继而激活LPA受体,在分泌的SMase D的病理生理学中可能具有以前未被认识到的作用。
Bites by Loxosceles spiders can produce severe clinical symptoms, including dermonecrosis, thrombosis, vascular leakage, hemolysis, and persistent inflammation. The causative factor is a sphingomyelinase D (SMaseD) that cleaves sphingomyelin into choline and ceramide 1-phosphate. A similar enzyme, showing comparable bioactivity, is secreted by certain pathogenic corynebacteria and acts as a potent virulence factor. However, the molecular basis for SMaseD toxicity is not well understood, which hampers effective therapy. Here we show that the spider and bacterial SMases D hydrolyze albumin-bound lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), but not sphingosylphosphorylcholine, with Km values (∼20–40 μm) well below the normal LPC levels in blood. Thus, toxic SMases D have intrinsic lysophospholipase D activity toward LPC. LPC hydrolysis yields the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a known inducer of platelet aggregation, endothelial hyperpermeability, and pro-inflammatory responses. Introduction of LPA1 receptor cDNA into LPA receptor-negative cells renders non-susceptible cells susceptible to SmaseD, but only in LPC-containing media. Degradation of circulating LPC to LPA with consequent activation of LPA receptors may have a previously unappreciated role in the pathophysiology of secreted SMases D.
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