A network approach for managing ecosystem services and improving food and nutrition security on smallholder farms
A network approach for managing ecosystem services and improving food and nutrition security on smallholder farms
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DOI：
10.1002/pan3.10295
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发表时间：
2022-01-10
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
Memmott，Jane
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Timberlake，Thomas P.;Cirtwill，Alyssa R.;Memmott，Jane
小农户是地球上最贫穷和粮食最不安全的人群。他们在营养和经济上高度依赖本土农产品，这使得他们特别容易受到环境压力的影响，如授粉媒介的丧失或气候变化，这些因素威胁着农业生产力。以环境可持续和适应气候变化的方式改善小农农业是21世纪世纪的一项关键挑战。生态集约化，即管理生态系统服务以提高农业生产力，是小农的一个有前途的解决方案。然而，小农农场是复杂的社会生态系统，一系列社会、生态和环境因素相互作用，影响生态系统服务的提供。为了真正理解小农农场的运作，并确定支持家庭粮食和营养安全的最有效管理方案，需要进行全面的、基于系统的理解。在本文中，我们提出了一种网络方法，用于理解、可视化和建模小农农场中野生物种、作物和人之间发生的复杂相互作用。具体而言，我们展示了如何利用网络（a）确定在支持、提供或提高生态系统服务的复原力方面发挥关键作用的野生物种;（B）以与小农粮食和营养安全相关的方式量化生态系统服务的价值;以及（c）了解影响共享生态系统服务管理的社会互动。使用基于尼泊尔农村数据的案例研究，我们展示了如何使用这个框架来将野生植物、传粉者和作物与人类消耗的关键营养素联系起来。这使我们能够量化生态系统服务的营养价值，并确定参与其提供的野生植物和传粉者，以及提供一个框架来预测环境变化对人类nutrition.Our框架的影响确定生态系统服务和小农消耗的营养之间的机械联系，并强调可能影响这些服务的管理的社会因素。将这一框架应用于一系列社会生态背景下的小农农场，可以为小农粮食和营养安全提供新的、可持续的和公平的解决方案。
Smallholder farmers are some of the poorest and most food insecure people on Earth. Their high nutritional and economic reliance on home‐grown produce makes them particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors such as pollinator loss or climate change which threaten agricultural productivity. Improving smallholder agriculture in a way that is environmentally sustainable and resilient to climate change is a key challenge of the 21st century.Ecological intensification, whereby ecosystem services are managed to increase agricultural productivity, is a promising solution for smallholders. However, smallholder farms are complex socio‐ecological systems with a range of social, ecological and environmental factors interacting to influence ecosystem service provisioning. To truly understand the functioning of a smallholder farm and identify the most effective management options to support household food and nutrition security, a holistic, systems‐based understanding is required.In this paper, we propose a network approach to understand, visualise and model the complex interactions occurring among wild species, crops and people on smallholder farms. Specifically, we demonstrate how networks may be used to (a) identify wild species with a key role in supporting, delivering or increasing the resilience of an ecosystem service; (b) quantify the value of an ecosystem service in a way that is relevant to the food and nutrition security of smallholders; and (c) understand the social interactions that influence the management of shared ecosystem services.Using a case study based on data from rural Nepal, we demonstrate how this framework can be used to connect wild plants, pollinators and crops to key nutrients consumed by humans. This allows us to quantify the nutritional value of an ecosystem service and identify the wild plants and pollinators involved in its provision, as well as providing a framework to predict the effects of environmental change on human nutrition.Our framework identifies mechanistic links between ecosystem services and the nutrients consumed by smallholder farmers and highlights social factors that may influence the management of these services. Applying this framework to smallholder farms in a range of socio‐ecological contexts may provide new, sustainable and equitable solutions to smallholder food and nutrition security.A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.