Estrogenic environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical effects on reproductive neuroendocrine function and dysfunction across the life cycle
Estrogenic environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical effects on reproductive neuroendocrine function and dysfunction across the life cycle
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DOI：
10.1007/s11154-007-9048-y
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发表时间：
2007-06-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Gore, Andrea C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dickerson, Sarah M.;Gore, Andrea C.
内分泌干扰物（EDCs）是干扰生物体内分泌系统正常功能的天然或合成化合物。许多内分泌干扰物由于其结构稳定性而对生物降解具有抗性，并在环境中持续存在。这篇综述的重点是通过雌激素机制影响生殖神经内分泌系统的天然和人工内分泌干扰物。该内分泌轴包括下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）、垂体促性腺激素和性腺类固醇激素（包括雌激素）。尽管模拟或拮抗雌激素受体的EDCs可能对生殖靶点发挥作用并不奇怪，但这些作用的机制是复杂的，涉及下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）系统的所有三个水平。然而，大量证据表明，暴露于雌激素环境内分泌干扰物与野生动物和人类的神经内分泌生殖缺陷有关。EDC的影响在动物的整个生命周期中是可变的，并且当暴露发生在胎儿和出生后早期发育期间时特别有效。因此，性分化异常，生殖功能紊乱或不适当的性行为可能会在以后的生活中被发现。本文综述了两类具有代表性的雌激素类内分泌干扰物，植物雌激素和多氯联苯（PCBs），对神经内分泌生殖功能的影响，从分子到行为，整个脊椎动物的生命周期。最后，我们找出了该领域的知识差距，并提出了未来的研究方向。
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds that interfere with the normal function of an organism's endocrine system. Many EDCs are resistant to biodegradation, due to their structural stability, and persist in the environment. The focus of this review is on natural and artificial EDCs that act through estrogenic mechanisms to affect reproductive neuroendocrine systems. This endocrine axis comprises the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), pituitary gonadotropins, and gonadal steroid hormones, including estrogens. Although it is not surprising that EDCs that mimic or antagonize estrogen receptors may exert actions upon reproductive targets, the mechanisms for these effects are complex and involve all three levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) system. Nevertheless, considerable evidence links exposure to estrogenic environmental EDCs with neuroendocrine reproductive deficits in wildlife and in humans. The effects of an EDC are variable across the life cycle of an animal, and are particularly potent when exposure occurs during fetal and early postnatal development. As a consequence, abnormal sexual differentiation, disrupted reproductive function, or inappropriate sexual behavior may be detected later in life. This review will cover the effects of two representative classes of estrogenic EDCs, phytoestrogens and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), on neuroendocrine reproductive function, from molecules to behavior, across the vertebrate life cycle. Finally, we identify the gaps of knowledge in this field and suggest future directions for study.