The multi-spacecraft high-energy solar particle event of 28 October 2021
The multi-spacecraft high-energy solar particle event of 28 October 2021
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2021 年 10 月 28 日多航天器高能太阳粒子事件
DOI：
10.1051/0004-6361/202346045
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发表时间：
2024
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Kouloumvakos A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kouloumvakos A
目的我们利用广泛分布在日球层的多个观测者(帕克太阳探测器、STEREO-A、太阳轨道器、GO、SOHO、比皮科伦坡和火星科学实验室)的数据，研究了第25太阳周的第一个多航天器高能太阳高能粒子事件，该事件在2021年10月28日引发了地面水平的增强。方法我们提供了从不同仪器获得的从∼10到600 MeV的广泛能量范围的太阳高能粒子观测。我们对激波进行了详细的模拟，得到了激波参数的三维分布和时间演化。我们进一步研究了每个观测者与太阳表面的磁连接，并检查了激波的磁连接。进行速度离散度分析和时移分析，推测体感诱发电位释放时间。我们从超热离子光谱仪(SIS)得到并给出了上述所有航天器的峰值质子通量谱和太阳轨道器上记录的主要物种的注量谱。我们进行了三维SEP传播模拟，研究了粒子输运在SEP向远距离磁连接观测者分布中的作用。结果观测和模拟结果表明，在低日冕中迅速形成了强烈的冲击波。在SEP发布时间窗口，我们为所有观察者找到了与电击的联系。PSP、STEREO-A和太阳轨道器连接到马赫数较高的强激波区(>；4)，而地球和其他观测者连接到较低马赫数的激波区。地球附近的SEP光谱特性证明了两个幂定律，在低能量(高能量)范围内有一个较硬(较软)的光谱。来自SIS(和近地仪器)的成分观测没有显示耀斑加速物质的严重增强。结论与观测和我们的分析一致的可能情景表明，PSP、STEREO-A和太阳轨道器上的高能SEP主要由粒子加速和激波注入主导，而到达近地空间的高能SEP与较弱的激波有关；很可能是来自广泛注入源的粒子的有效传输导致了观察到的高能SEPS。我们的研究不能排除耀斑相关过程的贡献；然而，成分观察没有证据表明在事件期间超热物质的脉冲组成，这暗示了非主导的耀斑相关过程。
AimsWe studied the first multi-spacecraft high-energy solar energetic particle (SEP) event of solar cycle 25, which triggered a ground level enhancement on 28 October 2021, using data from multiple observers (Parker Solar Probe, STEREO-A, Solar Orbiter, GOES, SOHO, BepiColombo, and the Mars Science Laboratory) that were widely distributed throughout the heliosphere and located at heliocentric distances ranging from 0.60 to 1.60 AU.MethodsWe present SEP observations at a broad energy range spanning from ∼10 to 600 MeV obtained from the different instruments. We performed detail modelling of the shock wave and we derived the 3D distribution and temporal evolution of the shock parameters. We further investigated the magnetic connectivity of each observer to the solar surface and examined the shock’s magnetic connection. We performed velocity dispersion analysis and time-shifting analysis to infer the SEP release time. We derived and present the peak proton flux spectra for all the above spacecraft and fluence spectra for major species recorded on board Solar Orbiter from the Suprathermal Ion Spectrograph (SIS). We performed 3D SEP propagation simulations to investigate the role of particle transport in the distribution of SEPs to distant magnetically connected observers.ResultsObservations and modelling show that a strong shock wave formed promptly in the low corona. At the SEP release time windows, we find a connection with the shock for all the observers. PSP, STEREO-A, and Solar Orbiter were connected to strong shock regions with high Mach numbers (>4), whereas the Earth and other observers were connected to lower Mach numbers. The SEP spectral properties near Earth demonstrate two power laws, with a harder (softer) spectrum in the low-energy (high-energy) range. Composition observations from SIS (and near-Earth instruments) show no serious enhancement of flare-accelerated material.ConclusionsA possible scenario consistent with the observations and our analysis indicates that high-energy SEPs at PSP, STEREO-A, and Solar Orbiter were dominated by particle acceleration and injection by the shock, whereas high-energy SEPs that reached near-Earth space were associated with a weaker shock; it is likely that efficient transport of particles from a wide injection source contributed to the observed high-energy SEPs. Our study cannot exclude a contribution from a flare-related process; however, composition observations show no evidence of an impulsive composition of suprathermals during the event, suggestive of a non-dominant flare-related process.