Punishment in Humans: From Intuitions to Institutions
Punishment in Humans: From Intuitions to Institutions
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DOI：
10.1111/phc3.12192
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发表时间：
2015-02-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Cushman, Fiery
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cushman, Fiery
人类对谁应该受到惩罚、何时受到惩罚以及如何受到惩罚有着强烈的意识。这些直觉的许多特征与一个简单的适应模型相一致：惩罚是作为一种机制进化而来的，它教会社会伙伴在未来的互动中如何表现。然而，很明显，现代环境中的惩罚超越了任何生物进化的机制;它还取决于文化制度，包括刑事司法系统和教会、公司、俱乐部、教室等许多较小的类似物。这些制度可以被认为是一种“外适应”：这是一套由文化进化而来的规范，利用生物进化而来的直觉，判断何时应该受到惩罚，以实现社会群体的合作利益。
Humans have a strong sense of who should be punished, when, and how. Many features of these intuitions are consistent with a simple adaptive model: Punishment evolved as a mechanism to teach social partners how to behave in future interactions. Yet, it is clear that punishment as practiced in modern contexts transcends any biologically evolved mechanism; it also depends on cultural institutions including the criminal justice system and many smaller analogs in churches, corporations, clubs, classrooms, and so on. These institutions can be thought of as a kind of 'exaptation': a culturally evolved set of norms that exploits biologically evolved intuitions about when punishment is deserved in order to achieve cooperative benefits for social groups.