Communicating While Computing [Distributed mobile cloud computing over 5G heterogeneous networks]
Communicating While Computing [Distributed mobile cloud computing over 5G heterogeneous networks]
复制标题
DOI：
10.1109/msp.2014.2334709
复制
发表时间：
2014-11-01
影响因子：
14.9
通讯作者：
Di Lorenzo, Paolo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barbarossa, Sergio;Sardellitti, Stefania;Di Lorenzo, Paolo
目前对未来几年移动的数据流量的估计预计，2020年的移动的数据流量将比2010年增加1，000，或者相当于每年移动的数据流量翻一番。这种前所未有的增长要求无线网络容量的显著增加。即使第四代（4G）系统的当前演进，特别是长期演进（LTE）标准化过程的进步预见到相对于第三代（3G）系统的显著容量改进，欧洲电信标准协会（ETSI）也已经建立了朝向第五代（5G）系统的路线图，目标是在2020年前部署商业系统[1]。欧洲项目名称？2020年信息社会的移动的和无线通信推动者？METIS（METIS）于2012年启动，是第五代（5G）的首批国际大规模研究项目之一。与此同时，数据流量的空前增长，我们的日常生活经验表明，越来越多的习惯，运行大量的应用程序专门为移动的设备，（智能手机，平板电脑，笔记本电脑）的娱乐，医疗保健，商业，社交网络，旅游，新闻等，但是，在无线通信量的惊人增长所产生的这种生活方式是不匹配的并行改善手机？电池，其寿命并没有以同样的速度提高[3]。这决定了运行复杂应用程序所需的能量与移动的手机上可用的能量之间的差距越来越大。克服这一障碍的一种可能的方法是使移动的设备能够在任何可能和方便的时候将其最耗能的任务卸载到附近的固定服务器。这种策略已经研究了很长时间，并且在文献中以不同的名称报道，例如网络觅食[4]或计算卸载[5]，[6]。近年来，云计算（CC）带来了计算卸载的强烈冲动，它使用户能够按需利用资源。云服务提供商提供的资源是：1）基础设施，例如网络设备、存储、服务器等，2)平台，例如操作系统，提供用于开发和测试定制应用程序的集成环境，以及3）应用程序形式的软件。这三种服务分别被称为基础设施即服务、平台即服务和软件即服务。特别是，CC的关键特性之一是虚拟化，它可以在同一台机器（或一组机器）上运行多个操作系统和多个应用程序，同时保证程序及其数据的隔离和保护。通过虚拟化，虚拟机（VM）的数量可以扩展？从而提高整个系统的计算效率。移动的CC（MCC）是CC的一种特定情况，其中用户通过移动的手持设备访问云服务[5]。目前的主要局限性？的MCC是与无线电接入相关联的能量消耗以及通过广域网（WAN）到达云提供商所经历的延迟。位于宏蜂窝网络边缘的移动的用户在功耗方面尤其处于不利地位，此外，很难控制WAN上的延迟。如[7]所述。[9]人类对延迟和抖动非常敏感：随着延迟的增加，交互式响应受到影响。由于在5G系统中预见的交互时间，特别是在所谓的触觉互联网[10]中，是相当小的（在...
Current estimates of mobile data traffic in the years to come foresee a 1,000 increase of mobile data traffic in 2020 with respect to 2010, or, equivalently, a doubling of mobile data traffic every year. This unprecedented growth demands a significant increase of wireless network capacity. Even if the current evolution of fourth-generation (4G) systems and, in particular, the advancements of the long-term evolution (LTE) standardization process foresees a significant capacity improvement with respect to third-generation (3G) systems, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has established a roadmap toward the fifth-generation (5G) system, with the aim of deploying a commercial system by the year 2020 [1]. The European Project named ?Mobile and Wireless Communications Enablers for the 2020 Information Society? (METIS), launched in 2012, represents one of the first international and large-scale research projects on fifth generation (5G) [2]. In parallel with this unparalleled growth of data traffic, our everyday life experience shows an increasing habit to run a plethora of applications specifically devised for mobile devices, (smartphones, tablets, laptops)for entertainment, health care, business, social networking, traveling, news, etc. However, the spectacular growth in wireless traffic generated by this lifestyle is not matched with a parallel improvement on mobile handsets? batteries, whose lifetime is not improving at the same pace [3]. This determines a widening gap between the energy required to run sophisticated applications and the energy available on the mobile handset. A possible way to overcome this obstacle is to enable the mobile devices, whenever possible and convenient, to offload their most energy-consuming tasks to nearby fixed servers. This strategy has been studied for a long time and is reported in the literature under different names, such as cyberforaging [4] or computation offloading [5], [6]. In recent years, a strong impulse to computation offloading has come through cloud computing (CC), which enables the users to utilize resources on demand. The resources made available by a cloud service provider are: 1) infrastructures, such as network devices, storage, servers, etc., 2) platforms, such as operating systems, offering an integrated environment for developing and testing custom applications, and 3) software, in the form of application programs. These three kinds of services are labeled, respectively, as infrastructure as a service, platform as a service, and software as a service. In particular, one of the key features of CC is virtualization, which makes it possible to run multiple operating systems and multiple applications over the same machine (or set of machines), while guaranteeing isolation and protection of the programs and their data. Through virtualization, the number of virtual machines (VMs) can scale on ?demand, thus improving the overall system computational efficiency. Mobile CC (MCC) is a specific case of CC where the user accesses the cloud services through a mobile handset [5]. The major limitations of today?s MCC are the energy consumption associated to the radio access and the latency experienced in reaching the cloud provider through a wide area network (WAN). Mobile users located at the edge of macrocellular networks are particularly disadvantaged in terms of power consumption and, furthermore, it is very difficult to control latency over a WAN. As pointed out in [7]?[9], humans are acutely sensitive to delay and jitter: as latency increases, interactive response suffers. Since the interaction times foreseen in 5G systems, in particular in the so-called tactile Internet [10], are quite small (in the …