Nitric oxide synthesis and signalling in plants.
Nitric oxide synthesis and signalling in plants.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01761.x
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发表时间：
2008-05
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
I. Wilson;S. Neill;J. Hancock
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
I. Wilson;S. Neill;J. Hancock
与所有生物一样，植物必须对大量的外部环境信号做出反应。单个植物细胞还必须感知和响应广泛的内部信号。现在人们普遍认为，一氧化氮（NO）是植物用于茁壮成长和生存的信号库的一个组成部分。最近的实验数据表明，或至少暗示，NO参与生殖过程，控制发展和生理反应的调节，如气孔关闭。然而，尽管关于动物中NO合成和信号传导的研究进展良好，但在植物中仍然存在关于NO如何产生和使用的基本问题，需要回答。例如，在植物中存在一系列潜在的NO生成酶，但尚未鉴定出明显的植物一氧化氮合酶（NOS）同源物。一些研究表明，在介导植物NO反应的NOS样酶的重要性，而其他研究表明，酶硝酸还原酶（NR）是更重要的。尽管如此，更多发表的工作表明，在植物NO合成完全不同的酶的参与。同样，NO如何介导其反应也不总是很清楚。虽然在植物中，如在动物中一样，NO可以导致信号cGMP的增加，从而导致离子通道活性和基因表达的改变，但尚不清楚这实际上是如何发生的。NO是一种相对活泼的化合物，研究起来并不总是那么容易。此外，它的生物活性需要与其他化合物如活性氧（ROS）一起考虑，这可能对其积累和功能产生深远影响。在本文中，我们将审查目前的理解如何NO是在植物中产生的，它是如何被删除时，它的信号不再需要，以及它如何被感知和采取行动。
As with all organisms, plants must respond to a plethora of external environmental cues. Individual plant cells must also perceive and respond to a wide range of internal signals. It is now well-accepted that nitric oxide (NO) is a component of the repertoire of signals that a plant uses to both thrive and survive. Recent experimental data have shown, or at least implicated, the involvement of NO in reproductive processes, control of development and in the regulation of physiological responses such as stomatal closure. However, although studies concerning NO synthesis and signalling in animals are well-advanced, in plants there are still fundamental questions concerning how NO is produced and used that need to be answered. For example, there is a range of potential NO-generating enzymes in plants, but no obvious plant nitric oxide synthase (NOS) homolog has yet been identified. Some studies have shown the importance of NOS-like enzymes in mediating NO responses in plants, while other studies suggest that the enzyme nitrate reductase (NR) is more important. Still, more published work suggests the involvement of completely different enzymes in plant NO synthesis. Similarly, it is not always clear how NO mediates its responses. Although it appears that in plants, as in animals, NO can lead to an increase in the signal cGMP which leads to altered ion channel activity and gene expression, it is not understood how this actually occurs. NO is a relatively reactive compound, and it is not always easy to study. Furthermore, its biological activity needs to be considered in conjunction with that of other compounds such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can have a profound effect on both its accumulation and function. In this paper, we will review the present understanding of how NO is produced in plants, how it is removed when its signal is no longer required and how it may be both perceived and acted upon.