40-years of Lake Urmia restoration research: Review, synthesis and next steps
40-years of Lake Urmia restoration research: Review, synthesis and next steps
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乌尔米亚湖恢复研究 40 年：回顾、综合和后续步骤
DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155055
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Wurtsbaugh, Wayne A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Parsinejad, Masoud;Rosenberg, David E.;Ghale, Yusuf Alizade;Khazaei, Bahram;Null, Sarah E.;Raja, Omid;Safaie, Ammar;Sima, Somayeh;Sorooshian, Armin;Wurtsbaugh, Wayne A.
公众对生态系统退化等环境问题高度关注。然而，恢复耦合的人-自然系统需要集成许多目前分散的科学、技术、工程、管理和治理主题。在这里，我们综合了截至2020年9月发表的544篇同行评议的文章，这些文章是关于伊朗西北部乌尔米亚湖的干燥和初步恢复的。我们回答了9个科学和大众感兴趣的问题，包括原因、影响、稳定、恢复和下一步。研究发现：(1)灌溉农业扩张、大坝建设和管理不善对湖泊的影响大于气温升高和降水减少。(2)乌尔米亚湖暴露的湖床气溶胶对人体健康有负面影响。(3)研究人员对新的堤道决口将如何影响湖泊南北两侧的盐度、蒸发和生态系统存在分歧。(4)大多数研究者试图恢复到单一的、统一的、政府规定的1274.1 m的湖泊水位，以恢复蒿。(5)伊朗政府推动并资助了大量不断增长的湖泊研究。(6)生态学和湖沼学研究主要集中在盐度、蒿属和火烈鸟。(7)很少有研究共享数据，只有3项研究报告了与利益相关者或管理者的接触。(8)研究了气候尺度缩减与水库、农业放水量、湖泊水位的整合路径。(9)许多改善农民生计和治理的建议需要实施。我们认为，湖泊恢复的首要下一步是将人类和自然系统的组成部分结合起来。例子包括：(a)描述和监测系统食物网、水文和人为因素；(b)使管理适应监测的条件，如湖泊水位、湖泊蒸发、湖泊盐度和候鸟数量；(c)在农业之外改善贫困、长期受压农民的生计；(d)管理各种生态系统服务和湖泊水位；(e)使社会各阶层参与；(f)在建立共享数据、模型和代码的能力的同时，整合各个恢复主题；（七）培养长期的双向交流和公众支持。这些恢复措施在不同程度上适用于全球其他伊朗生态系统和湖泊。
Public concern over environmental issues such as ecosystem degradation is high. However, restoring coupled human-natural systems requires integration across many science, technology, engineering, management, and governance topics that are presently fragmented. Here, we synthesized 544 peer-reviewed articles published through September 2020 on the desiccation and nascent recovery of Lake Urmia in northwest Iran. We answered nine questions of scientific and popular interest about causes, impacts, stabilization, recovery, and next steps. We find: (1) Expansion of irrigated agriculture, dam construction, and mismanagement impacted the lake more than temperature increases and precipitation decreases. (2) Aerosols from Lake Urmia's exposed lakebed are negatively impacting human health. (3) Researchers disagree on how a new causeway breach will impact salinity, evaporation, and ecosystems in the lake's north and south arms. (4) Most researchers tried to restore to a single, uniform, government specified lake level of 1274.1 m intended to recoverArtemia. (5) The Iranian government motivated and funded a large and growing body of lake research. (6) Ecological and limnological studies mostly focused on salinity,Artemia, and Flamingos. (7) Few studies shared data, and only three studies reported engagement with stakeholders or managers. (8) Researchers focused on an integration pathway of climate downscaling, reservoirs, agricultural water releases, and lake level. (9) Numerous suggestions to improve farmer livelihoods and governance require implementation. We see an overarching next step for lake recovery is to couple human and natural system components. Examples include: (a) describe and monitor the system food webs, hydrologic, and human components; (b) adapt management to monitored conditions such as lake level, lake evaporation, lake salinity, and migratory bird populations; (c) improve livelihoods for poor, chronically stressed farmers beyond agriculture; (d) manage for diverse ecosystem services and lake levels; (e) engage all segments of society; (f) integrate across restoration topics while building capacity to share data, models, and code; and (g) cultivate longer-term two-way exchanges and public support. These restoration steps apply in different degrees to other Iranian ecosystems and lakes worldwide.