The Age of Infrastructure in a Time of Security and Natural Hazards
The Age of Infrastructure in a Time of Security and Natural Hazards
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安全和自然灾害时代的基础设施时代
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Zimmerman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Zimmerman
美国基础设施的时代以微妙的方式与这些设施和服务面临的许多其他威胁，如恐怖主义，自然灾害和气候变化联系在一起。为解决这些威胁而引入的许多新基础设施计划也可能解决老化基础设施的许多状况和性能问题。本文评估了一些基础设施领域，以确定条件的措施是如何与年龄以及其他因素，如环境压力，使用，设计，运营和维护的做法。这类知识是了解基础设施老化与基础设施在极端事件面前的复原力之间关系的重要先决条件。介绍年龄是影响基础设施性能的众多因素之一，其用户和其鲁棒性对给定基础设施外部的常见环境条件，极端自然灾害和恐怖主义构成的威胁。基础设施老化往往与其他因素（如设计、维护和运营）一起起作用，并可能加强这些因素的影响，增加基础设施对这些各种威胁的脆弱性。本文评估了一些基础设施领域和类型的危害，以确定到共同的主题方面的程度年龄与基础设施的条件和性能以及其他因素，如环境压力，使用，设计，运营和维护的做法，也可能有助于条件和性能问题。设计基础设施的新举措既可解决可持续性和安全等新的公众关切问题，也可解决年龄造成的状况和性能问题。基础设施将越来越多地面临可能损害其完整性的威胁。联邦政府宣布的重大灾害数量不断增加，1990年至2005年期间每年增加约2.7%（Simonoff，Restrepo，齐默尔曼和纳夫塔利，2008年），而且大多数重大飓风都发生在2000年之后（Blake，Rappaport和Landsea，2007年）。同样，恐怖袭击的目标也是基础设施，特别是交通（峰田研究所;齐默尔曼和雷斯特雷波2009年总结）和电力（西蒙诺夫、雷斯特雷波和齐默尔曼2007年）。
The age of U.S. infrastructure connects in subtle ways with many other threats such as terrorism, natural hazards, and climate change that these facilities and services face. Many new infrastructure initiatives being introduced to address these threats are also likely to address many of the condition and performance problems of aging infrastructure. This paper evaluates a number of infrastructure areas to identify how measures of condition are associated with age as well as other factors such as environmental stresses, usage, design, and operations and maintenance practices. This type of knowledge is an important prerequisite to understanding how infrastructure age relates to infrastructure resilience in the face of extreme events. Introduction Age is one of many factors that affect the performance of infrastructure for its users and its robustness against threats posed by common environmental conditions external to a given infrastructure, extreme natural hazards, and terrorism. Infrastructure age often acts together with and may reinforce the effect of other factors such as design, maintenance, and operation in increasing the vulnerability of infrastructure to these various threats. This paper evaluates a number of infrastructure areas and types of hazards in order to identify to common themes with respect to the extent age is associated with infrastructure condition and performance as well as other factors such as environmental stresses, usage, design, and operations and maintenance practices that may also contribute to condition and performance problems. New initiatives in the way that infrastructure is designed can address both new public concerns such as sustainability and security and the problems of condition and performance to which age contributes. Infrastructure will be increasingly faced with threats that potentially compromise its integrity. This is supported by the increasing number of major federally declared disasters, increasing by about 2.7% per year between 1990 and 2005 (Simonoff, Restrepo, Zimmerman and Naphtali 2008) and the fact that most of the major hurricanes have occurred since 2000 (Blake, Rappaport, and Landsea 2007). Terrorist attacks, likewise, have targeted infrastructure, particularly transportation (Mineta Institute; summarized in Zimmerman and Restrepo 2009) and electric power (Simonoff, Restrepo and Zimmerman 2007).