XII.—How to Talk: Some Simple Ways
XII.—How to Talk: Some Simple Ways
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XII.——如何说话：一些简单的方法
DOI：
10.1093/aristotelian/53.1.227
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发表时间：
1953
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. L. Austin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. L. Austin
将 X 描述为 Y 真的可以与调用 XY 相同吗？或者又与陈述 X 是 Y 相同？在使用如此多种术语来表示简单的言语行为时，我们是否有任何明确而严肃的区别？假设肯定是我们有：接下来是试图分离和概括其中一些。但并不认为它包含了我们对所讨论的言语行为的任何一个术语的日常使用的准确、完整或最终的说明。一方面，这只是一篇文章，涉及一个非常大的主题的一部分；另一方面，这只是一篇文章。另一方面，虽然作为初步追踪我们日常使用词语的细节是必要的，但似乎我们最终总是不得不在某种程度上理顺它们。我们将考虑一个我们使用语言来谈论世界的情况的简化模型。我们将该模型称为“语音情境 S0”。可能我们实际上从未处于与 S0 完全相同的情况：更有可能的是，我们有时确实如此，或者更严格地说，我们认为自己当前的意图和目的就是如此。但考虑该模型的目的是阐明我们关于言语使用的一些普通思维和语言：并且似乎不可否认的是，在这种思维和语言中，无论好坏，无论有意识还是无意识，我们确实使用了这样的模型（当然，不一定只有一种）。那么，S0 中的世界将由许多单独的项目组成，每个项目都有一种且只有一种确定的类型。每种类型都与其他类型完全且相同地不同：每个项目都与其他项目完全且相同地不同。
CAN to describe X as Y really be the same as to call XY? Or again the same as to state that X is Y? Have we, in using such a variety of terms for simple speech-acts, any clear and serious distinctions in mind? The presumption must surely be that we have: and what follows is an attempt to isolate and schematise some of them. But it is not contended that it contains an exact or full or final account of our ordinary uses of any one of the terms for speech-acts discussed. For one thing, this is a mere essay at one section of what must be a very large theme; for another, essential though it is as a preliminary to track down the detail of our ordinary uses of words, it seems that we shall in the end always be compelled to straighten them out to some extent.We shall consider a simplified model of a situation in which we use language for talking about the world. This model we shall call by the name" Speech-situation S0". Possibly we never are actually in a situation exactly like S0: more probably we sometimes are so, or, more strictly, regard ourselves for current intents and purposes as being so. But the purpose of considering the model is to elucidate some of our ordinary thought and language about the uses of speech: and it seems hardly deniable that in such thought and language we do, for better or worse and whether consciously or unconsciously, make use of such models (not, of course, necessarily only one such). The world, then, in S0 will consist of numerous individual items, each of one and only one definite type. Each type is totally and equally different from every other type: each item is totally and equally distinct from every other item.