Healing Rates of Wing Punch Wounds in Free-Ranging Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus)
Healing Rates of Wing Punch Wounds in Free-Ranging Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus)
复制标题
自由放养的小棕鼠耳蝠 (Myotis lucifugus) 翅膀击伤的愈合率
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Reeder
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kimberly N Weaver;S. Alfano;Amanda R. Kronquist;D. Reeder
通常观察到蝙蝠翼膜上的缺陷是膜翼飞行方法的自然结果（Davis和Doster， 1972）。这种类型的飞行仍然是成功的，不仅因为蝙蝠可以忍受这些伤害造成的不对称，而且因为它们可以迅速愈合撕裂和填补缺失的膜，甚至有时翼骨骨折（Davis, 1968； Bogdanowicz和Urbańczyk， 1986）。创面愈合过程一般可分为三个重叠的阶段：炎症期、增殖期和延长的重塑期。最初的炎症期通常持续4天，而增殖期主要从4-21天开始。只有在伤口自我愈合后，伤口愈合过程才能进入最后的、漫长的重塑阶段，这一阶段可能持续长达两年（Kinsey et al., 2003; Christian et al., 2006）。因为这个过程是能量依赖的，愈合速度可能因生命史阶段、性别和季节而异，在免疫受损的动物中可能特别缓慢（Nelson和Demas, 1996； Worthington-Wilmer和Barratt, 1996； Kinsey等人，2003；Martin等人，2008）。虽然对lucifugus（小棕色肌炎）的基本生态学和生理学了解很多，但关于这种或任何其他蝙蝠物种的免疫功能的基线信息很少。我们研究的主要目的是评估该物种的伤口愈合率。伤口愈合率可以看作是免疫能力和能量分配变化的一个指标。此外，由于使用无菌活检机收集组织进行DNA分析（最初由Worthington-Wilmer和Barratt描述，1996）已经变得相当普遍，因此了解由此产生的伤口愈合速度是很重要的。虽然没有对lucifugus的伤口愈合率进行密切监测，但之前对自由放养的贝氏分枝杆菌的研究表明，3毫米伤口在3 - 4周内愈合（Kerth et al., 2000,2002）。Church和Warren（1968）报告说，圈养的Eidolon helvum的2厘米× 2厘米的洞大约需要24天才能愈合，而Davis和Doster（1972）在研究圈养的Antrozous pallidus时报告说，翅膀上14毫米的洞需要33天才能愈合。Davis和Doster（1972）注意到再生区域通常保持苍白，他们和其他人认为这解释了在自由放养的蝙蝠翅膀上经常发现的苍白斑点。我们在自由放养的lucifugus翅膀膜上制造了3.0 mm的圆形伤口，并监测了愈合过程。根据之前对蝙蝠的研究和其他哺乳动物伤口愈合过程的一般时间表，我们假设在第一周内几乎不会愈合，但伤口会在两到三周内完全愈合。现场伤口愈合率评估使用电话和数码照片，稍后用ImageJ软件进行分析。我们研究的第二个目的是评估这两种方法的可靠性。我们假设使用数码照片将产生更准确和精确的伤口面积测量。
Defects in the wing membranes of bats are commonly observed as a natural consequence of a membrane-wing method of flight (Davis and Doster, 1972). This type of flight remains successful not only because bats can tolerate asymmetries resulting from these injuries, but also because they can rapidly heal rips and fill in missing membranes and even sometimes fractures of the wing bones (Davis, 1968; Bogdanowicz and Urbańczyk, 1986). The wound healing process can generally be classified into three overlapping stages: an inflammatory stage, a proliferative stage, and a protracted remodeling stage. The initial inflammatory stage typically lasts up to four days, while the proliferative stage predominates from days 4–21. Only after the wound has closed upon itself can the wound healing process advance to the final, protracted remodeling stage, which can last up to two years (Kinsey et al., 2003; Christian et al., 2006). Because this process is energy-dependent, healing rates may vary by life history stage, sex, and season, and may be especially slow in immune compromised animals (Nelson and Demas, 1996; Worthington-Wilmer and Barratt, 1996; Kinsey et al., 2003; Martin et al., 2008). While much is known about the basic ecology and physiology of Myotis lucifugus (the little brown myotis), little baseline information is available regarding immune function in this or any other bat species. The primary objective of our study was to assess wound healing rates in this species. Wound healing rates can be viewed as an indicator of both immune competence and of variations in energy allocation. Additionally, because the use of sterile biopsy punches to collect tissue for DNA analysis (as originally described by Worthington-Wilmer and Barratt, 1996) has become quite common, it is important to understand how quickly the resulting wounds heal. While the rate of wound healing has not been closely monitored in M. lucifugus, previous studies in free ranging M. bechsteinii have indicated that 3 mm wounds heal in 3–4 weeks (Kerth et al., 2000, 2002). Church and Warren (1968) reported that 2 cm × 2 cm holes took approximately 24 days to heal in captive Eidolon helvum while Davis and Doster (1972), working with captive Antrozous pallidus, reported that 14 mm holes in the wings required up to 33 days to heal. Davis and Doster (1972) noted that the regenerated region often remains pale, which they and others have suggested explains the pale splotches often found on the wings of free-ranging bats. We created 3.0 mm circular wounds in the wing membranes of free-ranging M. lucifugus and monitored the healing process. Based on previous research on bats and on the general timeline of the wound healing process described from other mammals, we hypothesized that little healing would occur during the first week, but that wounds would close completely within two to three weeks. Wound healing rates in the field were assessed using cal i pers and digital photographs for later analysis with ImageJ software. A secondary objective of our study was to evaluate the reliability of these two methods. We hypothesized that the use of digital photographs would yield more accurate and precise measurements of wound area.