Is the efficacy of biological control against plant diseases likely to be more durable than that of chemical pesticides?
Is the efficacy of biological control against plant diseases likely to be more durable than that of chemical pesticides?
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DOI：
10.3389/fpls.2015.00566
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Nicot PC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bardin M;Ajouz S;Comby M;Lopez-Ferber M;Graillot B;Siegwart M;Nicot PC
植物保护控制方法的持久性是指其有效性在空间和时间上的持久性。它取决于(i)它对植物病原体种群施加的选择压力和（ii）这些病原体适应控制方法的能力。过去，人们对传统植物保护方法有效性的侵蚀进行了广泛的研究。例如，植物病原体或害虫对化学农药产生抗性的现象已被广泛记载。生物防治的持久性通常被认为比化学防治的持久性高。有关农业系统有害生物管理的结果表明，这种假设可能并不总是合理的。例如，已经描述了各种害虫对苏云金芽孢杆菌一种或几种毒素的抗性，以及冷蛾对波蒙Cydia pomonella颗粒病毒的抗性。与害虫的防治情况相反，植物病害生物防治的持久性研究很少，迄今为止还没有科学报告证明生物防治剂在实践中对植物病原体的有效性损失。了解生物防治的有效性可能受到侵蚀，对于确保生物防治剂对目标植物病原体的持久功效至关重要。这方面的知识将有助于确定能够促进选择对生物防治剂具有抗性的植物病原体菌株的风险因素。它还将导致确定具有较低功效丧失风险的生物防治剂类型，即，生物防治剂的作用方式不有利于在植物病原体自然种群中选择抗性分离物。然后对科学文献进行了分析，以评估植物病原体对生物防治剂产生抗性的可能性。
The durability of a control method for plant protection is defined as the persistence of its efficacy in space and time. It depends on (i) the selection pressure exerted by it on populations of plant pathogens and (ii) on the capacity of these pathogens to adapt to the control method. Erosion of effectiveness of conventional plant protection methods has been widely studied in the past. For example, apparition of resistance to chemical pesticides in plant pathogens or pests has been extensively documented. The durability of biological control has often been assumed to be higher than that of chemical control. Results concerning pest management in agricultural systems have shown that this assumption may not always be justified. Resistance of various pests to one or several toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis and apparition of resistance of the codling moth Cydia pomonella to the C. pomonella granulovirus have, for example, been described. In contrast with the situation for pests, the durability of biological control of plant diseases has hardly been studied and no scientific reports proving the loss of efficiency of biological control agents against plant pathogens in practice has been published so far. Knowledge concerning the possible erosion of effectiveness of biological control is essential to ensure a durable efficacy of biological control agents on target plant pathogens. This knowledge will result in identifying risk factors that can foster the selection of strains of plant pathogens resistant to biological control agents. It will also result in identifying types of biological control agents with lower risk of efficacy loss, i.e., modes of action of biological control agents that does not favor the selection of resistant isolates in natural populations of plant pathogens. An analysis of the scientific literature was then conducted to assess the potential for plant pathogens to become resistant to biological control agents.