Efficacy of drug detection by fully-trained police dogs varies by breed, training level, type of drug and search environment
Efficacy of drug detection by fully-trained police dogs varies by breed, training level, type of drug and search environment
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DOI：
10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.01.013
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发表时间：
2014-04-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Papet, Eugene
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jezierski, Tadeusz;Adamkiewicz, Ewa;Papet, Eugene
最近的一些出版物声称，警犬缉毒的有效性是不确定的，可能是最小的，狗对吸毒者的威慑作用很低。还有人声称，需要更多的科学证据来证明狗在多大程度上确实能检测到毒品。本研究的目的是评估实验，但在实际的培训和测试环境中使用的波兰警察，如何有效的狗训练的警察在非法物质检测取决于因素，如类型的药物，狗品种，狗的经验与搜索网站，和药物气味残留。使用了68只拉布拉多寻回犬、61只德国牧羊犬、25只梗类犬和10只英国可卡犬，每个品种中均包括两性。共进行了1219次实验性搜索测试。平均64 s的搜索时间后，狗指示隐藏的药物样品，87.7%的指示是正确的，5.3%是错误的。在7.0%的试验犬未能找到药物样品在10分钟内。药物的排名从最容易到最难检测的是：大麻，印度大麻，安非他明，可卡因，海洛因。德国牧羊犬是上级其他品种在提供正确的指示，而梗表现出相对较差的检测性能。狗在熟悉的房间和陌生的房间中搜索的效率是一样的（即，非目标新奇性）气味（83.2%的正确指示），但在汽车外和车内搜索时准确性较低（分别为63.5%和57.9%）。在警察考试试验中，与训练的最后阶段相比，狗发出更多的错误警报，更少的正确指示和搜索时间更长。药物气味可在一个部位持续至少48小时。我们的实验没有证实最近的报告，根据吸毒者的意见，低毒品检测效率。这里已经证明了缉毒犬的可靠性，即使它们的有效性可能不是100%，但必须考虑不同的因素，以确保最大的有效性。(c)2014爱思唯尔爱尔兰有限公司版权所有。
Some recent publications claim that the effectiveness of police canine drug detection is uncertain and likely minimal, and that the deterrent effect of dogs on drug users is low. It is also claimed that more scientific evidence is needed to demonstrate to what extent dogs actually detect drugs. The aim of this research was to assess experimentally, but in actual training and testing environments used by the Polish police, how effective dogs trained by the police were at illicit substance detection depending on factors such as type of drug, dog breed, dog experience with the searching site, and drug odor residuals. 68 Labrador retrievers, 61 German shepherds, 25 Terriers and 10 English Cocker Spaniels, of both sexes in each breed, were used. Altogether 1219 experimental searching tests were conducted. On average, hidden drug samples were indicated by dogs after 64 s searching time, with 87.7% indications being correct and 5.3% being false. In 7.0% of trials dogs failed to find the drug sample within 10 min. The ranking of drugs from the easiest to the most difficult to detect was: marijuana, hashish, amphetamine, cocaine, heroin. German shepherds were superior to other breeds in giving correct indications while Terriers showed relatively poor detection performance. Dogs were equally efficient at searching in well-known vs. unknown rooms with strange (i.e., non-target novelty) odors (83.2% correct indications), but they were less accurate when searching outside or inside cars (63.5% and 57.9% correct indications respectively). During police examination trials the dogs made more false alerts, fewer correct indications and searching time was longer compared to the final stage of the training. The drug odor may persist at a site for at least 48 h. Our experiments do not confirm the recent reports, based on drug users' opinions, of low drug detection efficiency. Usefulness of drug detection dogs has been demonstrated here, even if their effectiveness may not be 100%, but different factors have to be taken into consideration to assure maximum effectiveness. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.