Causes of atmospheric blur: comment on Atmospheric scattering effect on spatial resolution of imaging systems
Causes of atmospheric blur: comment on Atmospheric scattering effect on spatial resolution of imaging systems
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DOI：
10.1364/josaa.15.003097
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发表时间：
1998-12
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
N. Kopeika;I. Dror;D. Sadot
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Kopeika;I. Dror;D. Sadot
Ben Dor的论文[J. Opt. Soc. Am. A14，1329（1997）]的结论是，我们在实验中测量的模糊不是大气散射光，并且我们的理论模型是不正确的，因为它违反了线性规则。他们的工作部分是基于我们的一篇实验论文[J. Opt. Soc. Am A12，970（1995）]中的“缺乏原始数据”。我们在这里提出的原始数据测量的实验中的问题，它清楚地显示了测量的大气散射光。类似的原始数据也在其他地方发表。我们还阐明了线性系统的一些规则，证明我们的概念方法，这是类似于湍流调制传递函数。几十个实验和分析的其他研究人员在世界各地，直接矛盾的本多尔等人的结果和结论的审查。众所周知的意义，气溶胶模糊的成像通过大气层从卫星进行了讨论，卫星图像的图形示例显示为不同的大气光学厚度。值得注意的是，在遥感文献中的大气点扩散函数分析通常忽略湍流模糊，只处理气溶胶模糊，这通常被称为邻近效应，这种现象得到了许多不同类型的实验和许多不同的Monte Carlo模拟许多不同的气溶胶和仪器参数的情况。本·多尔等人的蒙特卡罗模拟结果也与日常现实相矛盾，例如太阳光环。其他人的大量文献与Ben Dor等人的结果强烈矛盾，并证实了我们的结论，即气溶胶的前向散射确实是通过大气成像时模糊的重要来源，特别是当大气光学厚度为1或更大时。这也可以通过任何观察者通过双筒望远镜观察月球和周围的月光来证实，即使是在晴朗的夜晚。一个广泛的系统工程方法，涉及气溶胶和湍流模糊的要求。
A paper by Ben Dor [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A14, 1329 (1997)] concludes that the blur we measured in our experiments was not atmospherically scattered light and that our theoretical model is incorrect because it violates the rules of linearity. Their work is based in part on “lack of raw data” in one of our experimental papers [J. Opt. Soc. Am A12, 970 (1995)]. We present here the raw data measured in the experiments in question, which show clearly the measured atmospherically scattered light. Similar raw data has also been published elsewhere regarding other experiments. We also clarify some rules of linear systems that justify our conceptual approach, which is shown to be similar to that of turbulence modulation transfer function. A review of several dozen experiments and analyses by other investigators all over the world that directly contradict the Ben Dor et al. results and conclusions is presented. The well-known significance of aerosol blur in imaging through the atmosphere from satellites is discussed, and pictorial examples of satellite imagery are shown for different atmospheric optical depths. It is noted that atmospheric point-spread-function analyses in the remote-sensing literature generally neglect turbulence blur altogether and deal with aerosol blur only, which is often called the adjacency effect, and that such phenomena are well supported by many different types of experiments and many different Monte Carlo simulations for many different aerosol and instrumentation parameter situations. The Monte Carlo simulation results of Ben Dor et al. are shown also to contradict everyday reality such as the solar aureole. This wealth of literature by others strongly contradicts the results of Ben Dor et al. and confirms our conclusion that forward scatter of light by aerosols is indeed a significant source of blur in imaging through the atmosphere, especially if atmospheric optical depth is on the order of unity or more. This can be confirmed, too, by any observer looking through binoculars at the moon and surrounding moonlight even on a clear night. A broad system engineering approach involving both aerosol and turbulence blur is called for.