Energy and CO2 emissions performance assessment of residential micro-cogeneration systems with dynamic whole-building simulation programs
Energy and CO2 emissions performance assessment of residential micro-cogeneration systems with dynamic whole-building simulation programs
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DOI：
10.1016/j.enconman.2008.10.012
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发表时间：
2009-03
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
V. Dorer;A. Weber
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
V. Dorer;A. Weber
微型热电联产，也称为微型热电联产或住宅热电联产，是一种新兴技术，有可能通过减少一次能源消耗和相关的温室气体排放来提供能源效率和环境效益。该技术的分布式发电性质也有可能减少由于电力传输和分配效率低下而造成的损失，并缓解公用事业高峰需求问题。国际能源署（能源署）建筑物和社区系统节能方案附件42中制定的详细的整体建筑物模拟工具MCHP模型已用于对一些微型热电联产系统和住宅建筑物进行性能评估研究。通过模拟不同热电联产技术（即天然气燃料固体氧化物（SOFC）和聚合物电解质膜燃料电池、斯特林和内燃机）的年度不可再生一次能源（NRPE）需求和CO2当量（CO2-eq）排放。这些都是比较的参考系统与燃气锅炉和电力供应从电网。还对土壤耦合热泵系统进行了分析比较。热电联产装置被集成在不同能源标准水平的单户和多户住宅中。考虑了两种不同的发电组合：欧洲组合和联合循环发电厂（CCPP）。对于MCHP设备，使用了详细的动态组件模型以及简化的性能图模型，并使用实验室实验结果或制造商数据进行了开发和校准。模拟是使用整个建筑物模拟程序TRNeclipse进行的，使用IEA附件42中规定的家用热水和电力需求曲线。分析了三个需求水平的组合。在NRPE需求中，对于欧洲电力组合，与燃气锅炉参考系统相比，大多数MCHP系统提供了减少（高达34%），并计入了输出到电网的电力。对于CCPP发电组合，最大的NRPE减少来自于土壤耦合热泵系统（高达29%）。热电联产系统的最大减排量为14%。在CO2当量排放方面，大多数热电联产系统为欧洲的电力组合提供了减排（高达22%）。然而，热泵系统的降幅最大（23%）。对于CCPP混合物，热泵系统的减排量最大（高达29%）。热电联产系统的最大减少是在单户住宅中使用ICE系统（14%）。
Micro-cogeneration, also termed micro combined heat and power (MCHP) or residential cogeneration, is an emerging technology with the potential to provide energy efficiency and environmental benefits by reducing primary energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions. The distributed generation nature of the technology also has the potential to reduce losses due to electrical transmission and distribution inefficiencies and to alleviate utility peak demand problems. Detailed MCHP models for whole-building simulation tools, developed in Annex 42 of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Programme, have been used to conduct a performance assessment study for a number of micro-cogeneration systems and residential buildings. Annual non-renewable primary energy (NRPE) demand and CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions were determined by simulation for different cogeneration technologies, namely natural gas-fuelled solid oxide (SOFC) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Stirling and internal combustion engines. These were compared to the reference system with a gas boiler and electricity supply from the grid. A ground-coupled heat pump system was also analysed for comparison. The cogeneration units were integrated in single and multi-family houses of different energy standard levels. Two different electricity generation mixes were considered: European mix and combined cycle power plant (CCPP). For the MCHP devices, detailed dynamic component models as well as simplified performance map models were used, developed and calibrated with either results from laboratory experiments or with manufacturer data. The simulations were performed using the whole-building simulation programme TRNSYS, using domestic hot water and electric demand profiles specified in IEA Annex 42. Combinations of three demand levels were analyzed. In NRPE demand, for the European electricity mix, most MCHP systems offered reductions (up to 34%) in comparison with the gas boiler reference system and crediting the electricity exported to the grid. For the CCPP electricity generation mix, the largest NRPE reductions resulted for the ground-coupled heat pump systems (up to 29%). The maximum reduction with a cogeneration system was 14%. In terms of CO2-eq emissions, most cogeneration systems offered reductions for the European electricity mix (up to 22%). However, maximum reductions resulted for the heat pump system (23%). For the CCPP mix, maximum reductions by far again resulted for the heat pump systems (up to 29%). The maximum reduction for a cogeneration system was achieved with the ICE system in the single-family house (14%).