Immediate Animation and Delayed Hominization
Immediate Animation and Delayed Hominization
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立即动画和延迟人化
DOI：
10.1177/004056397003100103
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发表时间：
1970
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
J. Donceel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Donceel
在最近再次掀起的关于人工流产道德的讨论中，最重要的问题之一是动画时间的问题。天主教道德家谴责堕胎的主要(尽管不是唯一)原因是，堕胎等同于杀害一个无辜的人。这假设胚胎从受孕的那一刻起就是一个人。如今，绝大多数天主教思想家理所当然地认为，受精卵从一开始就拥有精神灵魂(即时生命理论)。这一观点并不总是教会中的多数意见。安塞姆、托马斯·阿奎那和许多伟大的学院派思想家认为，人类的灵魂不是在受孕的那一刻被注入，而是在受孕和出生之间的某个时间(延迟动画理论)。这一理论在教会中一直有捍卫者，从阿奎那到阿方苏斯·利戈里，从红衣主教齐利亚拉到红衣主教梅西尔。这很可能是因为它的复兴，我想研究一些原因，促使我期待这一点。目前讨论中使用的术语相当令人遗憾：“立即动画”和“延迟动画”这两个术语具有误导性。动画意味着一个有机体是有生命的，有灵魂(Anima)，是活的。因此，术语“延迟动画”似乎意味着该理论的支持者认为胚胎在受孕后并不是立即活着的。这不是他们的立场。他们声称胚胎是活的，它从一开始就是有生命的，但赋予它生命的灵魂还不是人类的灵魂，而是植物或动物的灵魂；人类的灵魂是后来出现的。动画是即刻的，人性化是延迟的。因此，与其说是“延迟人性化”，不如说是“立即人性化”。在接下来的几页中，我将一般使用这个术语。
IN THE DISCUSSIONS which have recently flared up again about the morality of induced abortion, one of the most important questions is that of the time of animation. The main, though not the only, reason why abortion is condemned by Catholic moralists is that it amounts to the killing of an innocent human being. This supposes that from the moment of conception the embryo is a human person. Nowadays the great majority of Catholic thinkers take for granted that it is, that from the start the fertilized ovum possesses a spiritual soul (theory of immediate animation). This opinion has not always been the majority opinion in the Church. Anselm, Thomas Aquinas, and many of the great Scholastic thinkers held that the human soul was not infused at the moment of conception, but at some time between conception and birth (theory of delayed animation). This theory has always had defenders in the Church, from Aquinas to Alphonsus Liguori, from Cardinal Zigliara to Cardinal Mercier. It might well be due for a revival, and I would like to examine some of the reasons which induce me to expect this. The terminology used in the present discussions is rather unfortunate: the two terms "immediate animation" and "delayed animation" are misleading. Animation means that an organism is animated, has a soul (anima), is alive. Thus the term "delayed animation" seems to imply that the partisans of this theory hold that the embryo is not alive immediately after conception. Such is not their position. They claim that the embryo is alive, that it is animated from the very start, but the soul which animates it is not yet a human soul, is a vegetative or animal soul; the human soul comes later. Animation is immediate, hominization is delayed. Hence it would be better to speak of "immediate hominization" versus "delayed hominization." In the following pages I shall generally use this terminology.