UV-Induced Molecular Signaling Differences in Melanoma and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer
UV-Induced Molecular Signaling Differences in Melanoma and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_3
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发表时间：
2017-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Zheng, Yan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Liu-Smith, Feng;Jia, Jinjing;Zheng, Yan
皮肤癌有三种主要类型：黑色素瘤、基底细胞癌(BCC)和鳞癌(SCC)。基底细胞癌和鳞癌通常被称为非黑色素瘤皮肤癌(NMSC)。NMSCs相对来说是非致命性的，可以通过手术治愈，因此世界各地的大多数癌症登记都没有报道。黑色素瘤是最致命的皮肤癌。其发病率(病例数)约为NMSC的1/10，死亡人数约为NMSC的8倍。黑色素瘤是由黑素细胞引起的，黑素细胞通常位于基底膜上，树突延伸到表皮角质形成细胞。已知的黑素细胞的一个主要功能是产生被脂膜包裹的色素(称为黑素小体)，并将它们分布到角质形成细胞中，从而产生不同颜色的皮肤。基底细胞起源于基底细胞，基底细胞是位于表皮最深处的一层细胞。近年来，基底细胞被认为是皮肤干细胞，因为它们不断地增殖和产生角质形成细胞，角质形成细胞被不断地推到表面，最终成为角质层的死层。鳞状细胞是一种类似鱼鳞状的角质形成细胞，即由基底层细胞分化为鳞状细胞。基底细胞和鳞状细胞都属于角质形成细胞，因此，基底细胞癌和鳞状细胞癌有时被称为角质形成细胞癌。这三种癌症有许多共同的特征，但从病因到进展都有很大的不同。皮肤癌的一个共同特征是，根据目前的观点，它们都是由太阳或人造紫外线辐射(UVR)引起的。太阳UVR产生的UVA和UVB是到达地球表面的主要紫外线波段。这两种紫外线都会造成DNA损伤和免疫抑制，这在皮肤癌的发生中起着至关重要的作用。UVB可以直接被DNA分子吸收，从而导致紫外线信号的DNA损伤；另一方面，UVA可能通过诱导细胞内的ROS，进而导致DNA氧化损伤来发挥作用[1-4]。本章将讨论UVR在黑色素瘤和NMSC中的分子信号差异。
There are three major types of skin cancer: melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). BCC and SCC are often referred to as non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). NMSCs are relatively non-lethal and curable by surgery, hence are not reportable in most cancer registries all over the world.Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer. Its incidence rate (case number) is about 1/10th of that for NMSC, yet its death toll is similar to 8 fold higher than NMSC. Melanomas arise from melanocytes which are normally located on the basement membrane with dendrites extending into the epidermal keratinocytes. A major known function of melanocytes is to produce pigments which are enclosed by lipid membrane (termed melanosomes) and distribute them into keratinocytes, thus give different shade of skin colors. BCCs arise from basal cells, which are a layer of cells located at the deepest part of epidermis. Basal cells are recently considered to be skin stem cells as they are constantly proliferating and generating keratinocytes which are continuously pushed to the surface and eventually become a dead layer of stratum corneum. Squamous cells are the keratinocytes which resembles fish scale shape, ie, those initiated from basal cells and differentiated into squamous cells. Both basal cells and squamous cells belong to keratinocytes, therefore sometimes BCC and SCC are termed keratinocyte cancer.These three types of cancer share many characteristics, yet they are very different from etiology to progression. One shared characteristic of skin cancer is that, according to the current views, they all are caused by solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVA and UVB from solar UVR are the major UV bands reaching the earth surface. Both UV types cause DNA damage and immune suppression which play crucial roles in skin carcinogenesis. UVB can be directly absorbed by DNA molecules and thus causes UV-signature DNA damages; UVA, on the other hand, may function through inducing cellular ROS which then causes oxidative DNA damages [1-4]. This chapter will discuss the molecular signaling differences of UVR in melanoma and NMSC.