The impact of COVID-19 on the indigenous peoples related to air and road networks and habitat loss.
The impact of COVID-19 on the indigenous peoples related to air and road networks and habitat loss.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pgph.0000166
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Bessa, Layara Alexandre
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Vitorino, Luciana Cristina;de Souza, Ueric Jose Borges;Oliveira Reis, Mateus Neri;Bessa, Layara Alexandre
2020 年，巴西合法亚马逊 (BLA) 的植被损失达到了十年来的最高损失，这是由火灾加剧、矿产开采活动和其他压力造成的。从砍伐森林和采矿等非法活动中获利的可能性吸引了人们前往土著领土，而火灾则加剧了呼吸系统疾病并加剧了当前的 COVID-19 危机。此外，BLA 的道路网络通常与其影响范围内森林砍伐和火灾的增加有关，而众所周知，机场会导致 COVID-19 感染在全球范围内传播。因此，我们决定评估特别土著卫生区 (DSEI) 的特征（包括人口、机场数量和道路网络范围）和植被损失率（森林砍伐以及火灾和采矿造成的植被损失面积）对 BLA 中 DSEI 土著居民的 COVID-19 病例数和死亡人数的影响。我们观察到病例数和死亡数与土著初级卫生保健单位的数量之间存在正相关关系，这表明许多这些单位没有在 DSEI 中增加适当的预防和保护 COVID-19 的活动。拥有较大航空运输和道路网络的 DSEI 受 COVID-19 的影响更大。这些网络构成了促进 SARS-CoV-2 在 BLA 传播的关键机制。此外，我们注意到影响 DSEI 景观的变化（例如火灾和采矿）也会影响合法原住民地区 (IA)。因此，实施机构也未能幸免于该地区景观的探索过程。将航空运输和道路网络与 IAs 因燃烧或采矿造成的景观转变联系起来的模型可以解释因 COVID-19 死亡的土著人数。鉴于巴西政府目前对在土著土地上发现和扑灭火灾的关键机构造成的干扰，以及巴西为抗击 COVID-19 而制定的政策（这些政策的基础是拒绝隔离措施和推迟疫苗接种），这些结果尤为重要。
The vegetation loss in the Brazil’s Legal Amazon (BLA) in 2020 corresponds to the highest loss observed in a decade, caused by the intensification of fires, mineral extraction activities, and other pressures. The possibility of earning from illegal activities such as deforestation and mining attracts the population to indigenous territories, while fires aggravate respiratory problems and enhance the current COVID-19 crisis. Furthermore, the BLA’s road network is usually related to increased deforestation and fires in its areas of influence, and airports are known to contribute to spreading COVID-19 infections worldwide. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the effect of characteristics of Special Indigenous Health Districts (DSEIs) (including population, number of airports, and extent of the road network) and vegetation loss rates (deforestation, and area of vegetation lost by fires and mining) on the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths among the indigenous population in DSEIs in the BLA. We observed a positive correlation between the number of cases and deaths and the number of Indigenous Primary Healthcare Units, suggesting that many of these units did not increase appropriate activities for prevention and protection from COVID-19 in the DSEIs. The DSEIs with larger air transport and road networks were more affected by COVID-19. These networks constituted critical mechanisms for facilitating the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the BLA. Additionally, we noted that changes that impact the landscape of DSEIs, such as fires and mining, also impact legal indigenous areas (IAs). Thus, IAs are not spared from exploratory processes in the district’s landscape. Models that associate the air transport and road networks with the transformation of the landscape in IAs from burning or mining can explain the number of indigenous people who died due to COVID-19. These results are particularly important given the current disruptive scenario imposed by the Brazilian government on critical institutions that detect and fight fires in indigenous lands and the policies enacted to combat COVID-19 in Brazil, which are based on denying isolation measures and delaying vaccinations.