Car-To-Pedestrian Contact Situations in Near-Miss Incidents and Real-World Accidents in Japan
Car-To-Pedestrian Contact Situations in Near-Miss Incidents and Real-World Accidents in Japan
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日本未遂事件和现实事故中汽车与行人的接触情况
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Ken'ichi Ando
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作者：
Y. Matsui;Kunio Takahashi;Ryoko Imaizumi;Ken'ichi Ando
2010年，日本的交通死亡人数为4,863人。从2010年道路交通事故死亡人数（4863人）来看，行人占比最高（1714人，占35%）。为了减少伤害的严重程度和死亡人数，提供行人检测的主动安全装置被认为是有效的对策之一。汽车与行人接触场景的详细特征是开发安全装置所必需的。由于关于真实世界事故的信息有限，作者将重点放在了安装在乘用车上的驾驶记录仪捕捉到的未遂事件上。本研究的第一个目的是确定使用near-miss情景来理解汽车和行人之间接触情况的特征的效用。在本研究中，作者调查了包括驾驶记录仪捕获的电影在内的未遂事故数据与基于日本现实世界致命行人事故的国家交通事故数据之间的相似性。本研究使用了日本汽车工程师协会（J-SAE）从2005年到2009年收集的163张汽车与行人擦肩而过事件的动态图像数据。结果表明，在交通事故和险情事故中，70%的行人在十字路口或直道上都是在前方行驶的汽车前面过马路。从这一结果中考虑到行人的行为特征，作者发现了事故和未遂事件之间的相似性。明确了可以通过包含行人行为的动态图像的未遂事故数据来估计行人事故的情况。本研究的第二个目的是从近靶事件数据中估计碰撞时间（TTC）。这项研究分析了103起汽车与行人擦肩而过的事故数据，其中行人在十字路口或笔直的道路上在向前行驶的汽车前面过马路。作者根据安装了行车记录仪的汽车的速度，以及行人最初出现在行车记录仪拍摄的运动画面上的时刻，汽车与行人之间的距离，计算出了TTC。结果，平均TTC为1.7秒（SD为1.3秒）。行人穿过人行横道的平均TTC为1.8秒，而行人穿过没有人行横道的道路的平均TTC为1.4秒。作者提出行人检测和自动制动安全装置的规格应反映包括近距离脱险情况下TTC在内的详细信息，其中最坏的情况是假定汽车由于驾驶员不注意而没有制动而向行人移动。
The number of traffic deaths in Japan was 4,863 in 2010. When looking at the number of the road accident fatalities (4,863) in 2010, it reveals that pedestrians account for the highest number (1,714, 35%). To reduce the severity of injuries and the number of deaths, active safety devices providing pedestrian detection are considered to be ones of the effective countermeasures. The detailed features of the contact scenarios in car-to-pedestrian are necessary to develop the safety devices. Since the information on the real-world accidents was limited, the authors focused on the near-miss scenarios captured by drive recorders installed in passenger cars. The first purpose of the present study is to ascertain the utility of using near-miss scenarios for understanding the features of the contact situations between cars and pedestrians. In the present study, the authors investigated the similarities between the data of near-miss incidents including motion pictures captured by drive recorders and the data of national traffic accidents based on real-world fatal pedestrian accidents in Japan. This study used 163 motion pictures of near-miss car-to-pedestrian incident data collected by the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (J-SAE) from 2005 to 2009. The results indicated that 70% pedestrians at intersections or on straight roads were crossing the roads in front of the forward moving cars both in accidents and near-miss incidents. Considering the features of pedestrians’ behaviors from this result, the authors found similarities between accidents and near-miss incidents. It was made clear that one could estimate the situations in pedestrians’ accident from the near-miss incident data which included motion pictures capturing pedestrian behaviors. The second purpose of the present study is to estimate the time to collision (TTC) from the near-miss incident data. This study analyzed 103 near-miss car-to-pedestrian incident data in which pedestrians were crossing the roads in front of the forward moving cars at intersections or on straight roads. The authors calculated the TTC from the velocity of a car with an installed drive recorder and the distance between a car and a pedestrian at the moment a pedestrian initially appeared on a motion picture captured by the drive recorder. As a result, the average TTC was 1.7 seconds (SD 1.3 seconds). The average TTC was 1.8 seconds in cases that pedestrians were walking across a crosswalk, which was longer than the average TTC 1.4 seconds in the cases that pedestrians were walking across the roads without a crosswalk. The authors propose that the specifications of the safety device for the pedestrian detection and for automatic braking should reflect the detailed information including the TTC obtained by the near miss situations, in which the worst situation was assumed that the cars were moving toward pedestrians without braking due to car driver's inattentiveness.