Self-awareness in animals and humans: Further reflections on mirror-usage by pigeons: Lessons from Winnie-the-Pooh and Pinocchio too
Self-awareness in animals and humans: Further reflections on mirror-usage by pigeons: Lessons from Winnie-the-Pooh and Pinocchio too
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动物和人类的自我意识：对鸽子使用镜子的进一步思考：小熊维尼和匹诺曹的教训
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511565526.028
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发表时间：
1994
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. Contie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Thompson;C. Contie
在迪士尼电影版的米尔恩（1958年）的小熊维尼中，有一个场景是跳跳虎（老虎）向温妮或小熊维尼介绍自己是独一无二的。“就我一个！“他自豪地宣布。小熊维尼指着一面镜子，里面映着跳跳虎的样子，问道：“那么，那是谁？”Tigger的回答是有趣的。他没有推理说镜像是他自己的一个反射的相同的代表--他毕竟是独一无二的--相反，他得出结论说镜像一定是一个冒名顶替者。他后来试图威胁另一只动物，结果只把自己吓到了床底下。维尼对自己镜像的行为也很有趣。当他背上的一些缝合线解开时--他是一只毛绒玩具熊--维尼用镜子来指导他努力修复他身体的那个部位，否则他不能直接看到。完成这项任务后，维尼转过身，直接面对镜子，说：“谢谢。“维尼的行为表明，他认识到空间物体之间的空间不变量的功能意义，包括他的身体，以及他们在镜子中反映的图像。然而，他仍然认为图像是“他者”，而没有认识到它只是他自己的代表。维尼没有领会到他实际上是在自言自语的事实（参见。Jaynes，1976年）。毕竟，维尼是”一只脑子很小的熊”（米尔恩，1958）。跳跳虎和维尼似乎都没有能力像另一部迪士尼电影《丑小鸭》（安徒生，1984）中所描绘的那样自我认识。2被他所谓的兄弟姐妹拒绝，这只沮丧的小鸟在湖边的水面上看到了他的倒影。他凝视着自己的形象，这是从水的运动扭曲，然后，转向电影观众与绝望的表情，他指着自己，好像说，”这是我！“与维尼和跳跳虎不同，丑小鸭自发地将反射标记为自我，并伴有自我评价的情绪反应（参见。刘易斯，SAAH 2;刘易斯和布鲁克斯-冈恩，1979年）。他的行为表明，他的自我概念和任何正常的成熟人类一样丰富。
In the Disney film version of Milne's (1958) Winnie-the-Pooh1 there is a scene where Tigger (a tiger) introduces himself to Winnie, or Pooh bear, as being unique." I'm the only one!" he announces proudly. Pointing to a mirror in which Tigger's appearance is reflected, Pooh responds by asking," Then, who's that?" Tigger's response is interesting. Instead of reasoning that the mirror image is a reflected identical representation of himself-he is, after all, unique-he concludes instead that it must be an impostor. His subsequent attempts to threaten this other animal succeed only in scaring himself under a bed. Pooh's behavior toward his own mirrored reflection also is interesting. When some of the sewing on his back comes undone-he is a stuffed teddy bear-Pooh uses the mirror to guide his efforts at repairing that area of his body that he otherwise cannot see directly. After finishing this task, Pooh turns, faces the mirror directly, and says," Thank you." Pooh's behavior suggests that he recognizes the functional significance of the spatial invariants between objects in space, including his body, and their images reflected in the mirror. However, he nevertheless perceives the image as" other" and fails to recognize that it is simply a representation of himself. Pooh doesn't grasp the fact that he is literally talking to himself (cf. Jaynes, 1976). Pooh was, after all," a bear of very little brain"(Milne, 1958). Neither Tigger nor Pooh seem capable of self-recognition of the kind displayed by the Ugly Duckling (Andersen, 1984) as depicted in another Disney film. 2 Rejected by his supposed siblings, the depressed young bird catches sight of his reflection off the water's surface at the edge of a lake. He gazes at his image, which is distorted from the movements of the water, and then, turning toward the movie viewer with a look of abject despair, he points at himself as if to say," C'est moi!" Unlike Pooh and Tigger, the Ugly Duckling spontaneously labels the reflection as self in conjunction with a selfevaluative emotional response (cf. Lewis, SAAH2; Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979). His behavior suggests a self-concept as rich as that of any normal mature human.