Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship
Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship
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DOI：
10.1136/gutjnl-2014-306928
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发表时间：
2014-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
24.5
通讯作者：
Moschen, Alexander R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tilg, Herbert;Moschen, Alexander R.
肠道菌群影响着人体的许多生物学功能，其特征已成为生物医学的一个重要研究领域。最近的研究表明，肠道细菌在肥胖、糖尿病和心血管疾病等疾病中起着重要作用。越来越多的动物模型和人类数据表明，肥胖和2型糖尿病（T2D）与深度生态失调有关。首次人类宏基因组关联研究表明，特定肠道细菌、某些细菌基因和各自的代谢途径与T2D具有高度显著的相关性。重要的是，尤其是产生丁酸盐的细菌，如肠道玫瑰菌和prausnitzii粪杆菌浓度在T2D受试者中较低。这支持了越来越多的证据，即丁酸盐和其他短链脂肪酸能够发挥深远的免疫代谢作用。在代谢综合征和T2D患者中也观察到最有可能来自肠道的内毒素血症，并可能在代谢性炎症中发挥关键作用。微生物群与T2D之间关联的进一步线索来自妊娠研究，表明妊娠期间发生的主要肠道微生物变化影响宿主代谢。有趣的是，某些抗糖尿病药物，如二甲双胍，也会干扰肠道微生物群。微生物群的特定成员，如嗜粘液阿克曼氏菌，在糖尿病患者中可能会减少，当给药给小鼠时，会产生抗糖尿病作用。因此，随着“肠道特征”在T2D中变得更加明显，更好地理解微生物群在糖尿病中的作用可能会为其病理生理相关性提供新的方面，并为新的治疗原则铺平道路。
The gut microbiota affects numerous biological functions throughout the body and its characterisation has become a major research area in biomedicine. Recent studies have suggested that gut bacteria play a fundamental role in diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Data are accumulating in animal models and humans suggesting that obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with a profound dysbiosis. First human metagenome-wide association studies demonstrated highly significant correlations of specific intestinal bacteria, certain bacterial genes and respective metabolic pathways with T2D. Importantly, especially butyrate-producing bacteria such as Roseburia intestinalis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii concentrations were lower in T2D subjects. This supports the increasing evidence, that butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids are able to exert profound immunometabolic effects. Endotoxaemia, most likely gut-derived has also been observed in patients with metabolic syndrome and T2D and might play a key role in metabolic inflammation. A further hint towards an association between microbiota and T2D has been derived from studies in pregnancy showing that major gut microbial shifts occurring during pregnancy affect host metabolism. Interestingly, certain antidiabetic drugs such as metformin also interfere with the intestinal microbiota. Specific members of the microbiota such as Akkermansia muciniphila might be decreased in diabetes and when administered to murines exerted antidiabetic effects. Therefore, as a 'gut signature' becomes more evident in T2D, a better understanding of the role of the microbiota in diabetes might provide new aspects regarding its pathophysiological relevance and pave the way for new therapeutic principles.