What are the benefits of parental care? The importance of parental effects on developmental rate.
What are the benefits of parental care? The importance of parental effects on developmental rate.
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DOI：
10.1002/ece3.1083
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发表时间：
2014-06
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Bonsall, Michael B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Klug, Hope;Bonsall, Michael B.
关键词：
如果父母照顾的进化促进了最终与后代健康相关的后代表现性状，那么它是有益的。虽然这似乎是不言自明的，父母照顾的好处得到了相对较少的理论探讨。在这里，我们开发了一个理论模型，阐明了父母的照顾如何影响后代的表现，以及后代表现的哪些方面（例如，生存、发展）可能受到照料的影响。我们开始总结四种一般类型的父母护理福利。如果父母（1）在父母和后代相关联的阶段增加后代的存活率，（2）在父母不再与后代相关联时以导致后代存活率增加和/或将来繁殖的方式改善后代质量，和/或（3）当父母和后代保持关联到成年时直接增加后代的繁殖成功率，那么护理可能是有益的。我们还认为，父母对后代发育率的控制可能代表了一个实质性的，但未被充分认识的，照顾的好处。我们假设，父母调整的时间量的后代花在生活史阶段，以应对预期的后代死亡率，这反过来可能会增加整体后代的生存，并最终，健身的父母和后代。使用理论进化框架，我们表明，父母控制后代的发育率可以代表一个显着的，甚至是唯一的，照顾的好处。考虑到这种益处影响了我们对护理进化的一般理解，因为父母对后代发育率的控制可以增加生活史条件的范围（例如，卵和幼仔死亡率），在这种情况下，护理可以发展。
The evolution of parental care is beneficial if it facilitates offspring performance traits that are ultimately tied to offspring fitness. While this may seem self-evident, the benefits of parental care have received relatively little theoretical exploration. Here, we develop a theoretical model that elucidates how parental care can affect offspring performance and which aspects of offspring performance (e.g., survival, development) are likely to be influenced by care. We begin by summarizing four general types of parental care benefits. Care can be beneficial if parents (1) increase offspring survival during the stage in which parents and offspring are associated, (2) improve offspring quality in a way that leads to increased offspring survival and/or reproduction in the future when parents are no longer associated with offspring, and/or (3) directly increase offspring reproductive success when parents and offspring remain associated into adulthood. We additionally suggest that parental control over offspring developmental rate might represent a substantial, yet underappreciated, benefit of care. We hypothesize that parents adjust the amount of time offspring spend in life-history stages in response to expected offspring mortality, which in turn might increase overall offspring survival, and ultimately, fitness of parents and offspring. Using a theoretical evolutionary framework, we show that parental control over offspring developmental rate can represent a significant, or even the sole, benefit of care. Considering this benefit influences our general understanding of the evolution of care, as parental control over offspring developmental rate can increase the range of life-history conditions (e.g., egg and juvenile mortalities) under which care can evolve.
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