Spintronic Nanodevices for Bioinspired Computing
Spintronic Nanodevices for Bioinspired Computing
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DOI：
10.1109/jproc.2016.2597152
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发表时间：
2016-10-01
影响因子：
20.6
通讯作者：
Stiles, Mark D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grollier, Julie;Querlioz, Damien;Stiles, Mark D.
生物启发硬件有望成为低能耗、智能和高度适应性的计算系统。应用范围从大数据管理的自动分类，到无人驾驶车辆控制，再到生物医学假体控制。然而，制造生物启发硬件的主要挑战之一是通过可调连接互连的复杂处理单元构建超高密度网络。利用自旋电子学（或自旋电子学）的纳米级器件可能是这方面的关键技术。特别地，磁性隧道结（MTJ）由于其多个可调谐功能而非常适合于此目的。一个这样的功能，非易失性存储器，可以在非常规电路中提供大规模的嵌入式存储器，从而避免了存储器和处理器分开放置时出现的冯-诺依曼瓶颈。自旋电子器件的其他特征可能有利于生物启发计算，包括可调的快速非线性动力学，受控的随机性，以及单个器件在不同操作条件下改变功能的能力。相互作用的自旋电子纳米器件的大型网络可以使它们的相互作用被调谐以诱导复杂的动力学，例如同步、混沌、孤子扩散、相变、临界性和向多个亚稳态的收敛。许多小组最近提出了生物启发的架构，包括一种或几种类型的自旋电子纳米器件。在本文中，我们将展示如何自旋电子学可以用于生物启发计算。我们回顾了已经提出的不同方法，在这个方向上的最新进展，以及对完全集成的自旋电子互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）生物启发硬件的挑战。
Bioinspired hardware holds the promise of low-energy, intelligent, and highly adaptable computing systems. Applications span from automatic classification for big data management, through unmanned vehicle control, to control for biomedical prosthesis. However, one of the major challenges of fabricating bioinspired hardware is building ultra-high-density networks out of complex processing units interlinked by tunable connections. Nanometer-scale devices exploiting spin electronics (or spintronics) can be a key technology in this context. In particular, magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) are well suited for this purpose because of their multiple tunable functionalities. One such functionality, nonvolatile memory, can provide massive embedded memory in unconventional circuits, thus escaping the von-Neumann bottleneck arising when memory and processors are located separately. Other features of spintronic devices that could be beneficial for bioinspired computing include tunable fast nonlinear dynamics, controlled stochasticity, and the ability of single devices to change functions in different operating conditions. Large networks of interacting spintronic nanodevices can have their interactions tuned to induce complex dynamics such as synchronization, chaos, soliton diffusion, phase transitions, criticality, and convergence to multiple metastable states. A number of groups have recently proposed bioinspired architectures that include one or several types of spintronic nanodevices. In this paper, we show how spintronics can be used for bioinspired computing. We review the different approaches that have been proposed, the recent advances in this direction, and the challenges toward fully integrated spintronics complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) bioinspired hardware.