Field but not lab paradigms support generalisation by predators of aposematic polymorphic prey: the Oophaga histrionica complex
Field but not lab paradigms support generalisation by predators of aposematic polymorphic prey: the Oophaga histrionica complex
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DOI：
10.1007/s10682-013-9635-1
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发表时间：
2013-07-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Esquivel, Carolina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Amezquita, Adolfo;Castro, Laura;Esquivel, Carolina
新的缺位形式的持续存在，以及由此而来的缺位多态的进化，仍然耐人寻味。新的和稀有的形式可能会受到捕食者的不成比例的攻击，这些捕食者已经学会了避免预先存在的更常见的无符号形式。或者，如果捕食者不愿攻击未知的潜在猎物(新恐惧症)，或者如果以前的学习允许他们概括和识别新形式是有毒的，那么新形式可能不那么频繁地受到攻击。我们使用多态毒蛙(Oophaga Histrionica Complex)的颜色变化来测试熟悉一种遗漏形式的捕食者是否真的将它们的回避行为概括为其他遗漏形式。为了加强我们的推断，我们结合了对本地和非本地模型的攻击率的现场测试，以及对新生雏鸟的泛化能力的实验室实验。与150个神秘模型相比，现场捕食者攻击的529个模型的比例要低得多。与当地无血缘关系的亚洲稻瘟病菌共存的捕食者同样避免了非本地的形式，特别是在物种丰富的地区。42只实验室雏鸟学会了区分缺失性和隐晦的形象，但未能概括为其他缺失性形象，尽管我们尝试了六种缺失性形式的组合。为了更好地模拟现场的情况，我们进一步测试了训练了四个同时失语症图像的雏鸟是否会更好地概括。他们没能学会辨别任务。我们的数据与之前对其他毒蛙的实地研究进行了对比，并支持泛化的作用，而可以说不是新的恐惧症，在捕食者避免新的遗迹形式方面。
The persistence of novel aposematic forms, and thereby the evolution of aposematic polymorphism, remain intriguing. Novel and rare forms could be disproportionally attacked by predators that already learned to avoid a pre-existing and more common aposematic form. Alternatively, novel forms could be less frequently attacked if predators are reluctant to attack unknown potential prey (neophobia) or if previous learning allows them to generalise and recognise the novel form as toxic. We used colour variation in polymorphic poison frogs (Oophaga histrionica complex) to test whether predators familiar with one aposematic form do generalise their avoidance behaviour to other aposematic forms. To strengthen our inference, we combined a field test of attack rates to local and non-local models with a lab experiment of generalisation capabilities by newly born chicks. Field predators attacked a significantly lower proportion of 529 aposematic compared to 150 cryptic models. Predators co-occurring with the local aposematic form of O. histrionica equally avoided non-local forms, especially in areas where the species was abundant. Forty-two lab chicks learned to discriminate between an aposematic and a cryptic image, but failed to generalise to other aposematic images, even though we tried with six combinations of aposematic forms. To better mimic the situation in the field, we further tested whether chicks trained with a set of four simultaneous aposematic images would generalise better. They failed to learn the discrimination task. Our data contrast with previous field studies on other poison frogs, and support a role for generalisation, and arguably not neophobia, in predator avoidance of novel aposematic forms.