The Gender Wage Gap across the Wage Distribution in Japan: Within- and Between-Establishment Effects
The Gender Wage Gap across the Wage Distribution in Japan: Within- and Between-Establishment Effects
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日本工资分布中的性别工资差距：机构内和机构间的影响
DOI：
10.1016/j.labeco.2018.04.007
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Hiromi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hara;Hiromi
虽然男女工资趋于一致，但在许多国家，两性工资差距仍然持续存在。为了确定阻碍这一差距进一步缩小的因素，我们使用日本的数据对工资分布进行了分解，重点关注工资结构效应，即人力资本的性别差异无法解释的性别工资差距。我们发现，工资结构的影响是更大的机构内比机构之间的工资分布的尾部比中间，这表明玻璃天花板和粘性地板存在于机构内，并已超过25年。这种粘性地板似乎主要是由日本的性别职业轨道工作隔离制度造成的，而玻璃天花板则是由性别晋升差距和“逆流而上”现象造成的。因此，要进一步缩小性别工资差距，就必须解决性别工作隔离问题，并转向奖励灵活性的工作。
Although male and female wages have been converging, there still remains a persistent gender wage gap in many countries. To identify what impedes further reductions in this gap, we used Japanese data to conduct a decomposition across the wage distribution, focusing on thewage structureeffect, which is the portion of the gender wage gap that is unexplained by gendered differences in human capital. We show that the wage structure effect is larger within an establishment than between establishments and at the tails of the wage distribution than in the middle, indicating that both a glass ceiling and a sticky floor exist within establishments and have for more than 25 years. The sticky floor appears to be largely caused by Japan’s gendered career track job segregation system and the glass ceiling by a gender promotion gap and a “swimming upstream” phenomenon. Consequently, any further reduction in the gender wage gap will require a resolution of gender job segregation and a shift towards jobs that reward flexibility.