An empirical survey of performance and energy efficiency variation on Intel processors
An empirical survey of performance and energy efficiency variation on Intel processors
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对英特尔处理器性能和能效变化的实证调查
DOI：
10.1145/3149412.3149421
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
B. Rountree
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Aniruddha Marathe;Yijia Zhang;Grayson Blanks;Nirmal Kumbhare;G. Abdulla;B. Rountree
传统的HPC性能和能量表征方法假设目标处理器平台的性能具有同质性和可预测性。因此，处理器性能变化被认为是性能表征的更广泛问题中的次要问题。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个实证调查的变化，在处理器的性能和能源效率的几代HPC级英特尔处理器。我们的研究表明，与上一代英特尔处理器相比，性能变化的问题在最近一代英特尔处理器上变得更糟。具体而言，LLNL大规模生产HPC集群上处理器之间的性能差异已增加到20%，单个处理器性能的运行间差异已增加到15%。我们表明，这种变化是进一步放大下的硬件强制执行的功率约束，可能是由于增加的核心数量，在芯片制造过程中的不一致性和它们的综合影响处理器的能源管理功能。我们对硬件强制的处理器功耗限制进行的实验表明，在最新的英特尔处理器上，处理器性能和能效的变化最多增加了4倍。
Traditional HPC performance and energy characterization approaches assume homogeneity and predictability in the performance of the target processor platform. Consequently, processor performance variation has been considered to be a secondary issue in the broader problem of performance characterization. In this work, we present an empirical survey of the variation in processor performance and energy efficiency on several generations of HPC-grade Intel processors. Our study shows that, compared to the previous generation of Intel processors, the problem of performance variation has become worse on more recent generation of Intel processors. Specifically, the performance variation across processors on a large-scale production HPC cluster at LLNL has increased to 20% and the run-to-run variation in the performance of individual processors has increased to 15%. We show that this variation is further magnified under a hardware-enforced power constraint, potentially due to the increase in number of cores, inconsistencies in the chip manufacturing process and their combined impact on processor's energy management functionality. Our experimentation with a hardware-enforced processor power constraint shows that the variation in processor performance and energy efficiency has increased by up to 4x on the latest Intel processors.