Darwin and the origin of interspecific genetic incompatibilities.
Darwin and the origin of interspecific genetic incompatibilities.
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达尔文和种间遗传不相容性的起源。
DOI：
10.1086/657058
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Presgraves,DavenC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Presgraves,DavenC
达尔文的《物种起源》经常被批评为对物种形成没有太多的论述。抱怨特别集中在达尔文未能解释种间杂种不育和不成活的进化。但在关于杂交的那一章中，达尔文在没有遗传学的情况下进行了研究，与现代人对杂交不育和不成活的进化的理解一样接近。特别是，在调查了当时已知的种间杂交和由此产生的杂种后，他确定了两个事实，虽然现在被认为是理所当然的，但在当时是激进的。首先，物种之间的不育障碍既不是造物主特别赋予的，也不是自然选择直接青睐的，而是作为种间分歧的偶然副产品而进化的。第二，物种杂种的不育性是在它们的发育“被两个组织混合成一个组织所干扰”时产生的。贝特森、多布赞斯基和穆勒后来将孟德尔的细节应用于达尔文的推论，即控制发育的物种特异性因素（即，基因有时是不相容的。在这篇文章中，我强调了我们对这些种间遗传不相容性的理解的主要进展，从达尔文到穆勒，再到现代理论，并回顾了比较、遗传和分子规则，这些规则表征了杂交不育和不活力的进化。
Darwin’sOrigin of Speciesis often criticized for having little to say about speciation. The complaint focuses in particular on Darwin’s supposed failure to explain the evolution of the sterility and inviability of interspecific hybrids. But in his chapter on hybridism, Darwin, working without genetics, got as close to the modern understanding of the evolution of hybrid sterility and inviability as might reasonably be expected. In particular, after surveying what was then known about interspecific crosses and the resulting hybrids, he established two facts that, while now taken for granted, were at the time radical. First, the sterility barriers between species are neither specially endowed by a creator nor directly favored by natural selection but rather evolve as incidental by‐products of interspecific divergence. Second, the sterility of species hybrids results when their development is “disturbed by two organizations having been compounded into one.” Bateson, Dobzhansky, and Muller later put Mendelian detail to Darwin’s inference that the species‐specific factors controlling development (i.e., genes) are sometimes incompatible. In this article, I highlight the major developments in our understanding of these interspecific genetic incompatibilities—from Darwin to Muller to modern theory—and review comparative, genetic, and molecular rules that characterize the evolution of hybrid sterility and inviability.