A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL
A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s10686-018-9598-x
复制
发表时间：
2018-09
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
G. Tinetti;P. Drossart;P. Eccleston;P. Hartogh;A. Heske;J. Leconte;G. Micela;M. Ollivier;G. Pilbratt;L. Puig;D. Turrini;B. Vandenbussche;Paulina Wolkenberg;J. Beaulieu;L. A. Buchave;Martin Ferus;M. Griffin;M. Guedel;K. Justtanont;P. Lagage;Pedro Machado;G. Malaguti;Michiel Min;H. Nørgaard-Nielsen;Mirek Rataj;T. Ray;Ignasi Ribas;M. Swain;R. Szabó;Stephanie C. Werner;J. Barstow;Matt Burleigh;James Cho;V. C. du Foresto;A. Coustenis;L. Decin;T. Encrenaz;M. Galand;M. Gillon;R. Helled;J. C. Morales;A. G. Muñoz;A. Moneti;Isabella Pagano;E. Pascale;G. Piccioni;David Pinfield;Subhajit Sarkar;F. Selsis;J. Tennyson;A. Triaud;O. Venot;I. Waldmann;David Waltham;Gillian S. Wright;J. Amiaux;J. Auguères;M. Berthé;N. Bezawada;G. Bishop;Neil Bowles;Deirdre Coffey;J. Colomé;M. Crook;P. Crouzet;Vania Da Peppo;I. E. Sanz;M. Focardi;M. Frericks;Tom Hunt;R. Kohley;K. Middleton;G. Morgante;R. Ottensamer;E. Pace;Chris Pearson;R. Stamper;K. Symonds;M. Rengel;E. Renotte;P. Ade;L. Affer;Christophe Alard;Nicole F. Allard;F. Altieri;Yves André;Claudio Arena;I. Argyriou;Alan Aylward;C. Baccani;Gáspár Á. Bakos;M. Banaszkiewicz;Mike Barlow;V. Batista;G. Bellucci;S. Benatti;Pernelle Bernardi;Bruno Bézard;M. Błęcka;É. Bolmont;B. Bonfond;R. Bonito;A. Bonomo;J. Brucato;Allan Sacha Brun;I. Bryson;W. Bujwan;S. Casewell;B. Charnay;C. Pestellini;Guo Chen;A. Ciaravella;R. Claudi;R. Clédassou;M. Damasso;M. Damiano;C. Danielski;Pieter Deroo;A. D. di Giorgio;Carsten Dominik;V. Doublier;S. Doyle;René Doyon;Benjamin Drummond;Bastien Duong;S. Eales;Billy Edwards;Maria Farina;E. Flaccomio;Leigh Fletcher;F. Forget;Steve Fossey;Markus Fränz;Yuka Fujii;A. Garcia-Piquer;W. Gear;H. Geoffray;Jean-Claude Gérard;L. Gesa;H. Gomez;Rafał Graczyk;C. Griffith;D. Grodent;M. Guarcello;J. Gustin;K. Hamano;P. Hargrave;Y. Hello;Kevin Heng;E. Herrero;A. Hornstrup;Benoît Hubert;Shigeru Ida;M. Ikoma;N. Iro;Patrick Irwin;C. Jarchow;Jean Jaubert;Hugh R. A. Jones;Queyrel Julien;Shingo Kameda;F. Kerschbaum;P. Kervella;T. Koskinen;M. Krijger;N. Krupp;M. Lafarga;F. Landini;E. Lellouch;G. Leto;A. Luntzer;T. Rank-Lüftinger;Antonio Maggio;J. Maldonado;Jean-Pierre Maillard;Urs Mall;J. Marquette;Stéphane Mathis;P. Maxted;T. Matsuo;A. Medvedev;Yamila Miguel;V. Minier;G. Morello;Alessandro Mura;N. Narita;V. Nascimbeni;N. Nguyen Tong;V. Noce;F. Oliva;E. Pallé;Paul Palmer;M. Pancrazzi;A. Papageorgiou;V. Parmentier;M. Perger;A. Petralia;S. Pezzuto;Ray Pierrehumbert;I. Pillitteri;G. Piotto;G. Pisano;L. Prisinzano;A. Radioti;J. Réess;L. Rezac;M. Rocchetto;A. Rosich;N. Sanna;A. Santerne;G. Savini;G. Scandariato;B. Sicardy;Carles Sierra;G. Sindoni;K. Skup;I. Snellen;M. Sobiecki;L. Soret;A. Sozzetti;A. Stiepen;A. Strugarek;Jake Taylor;William Taylor;L. Terenzi;M. Tessenyi;A. Tsiaras;C. Tucker;Diana Valencia;G. Vasisht;A. Vazan;F. Vilardell;S. Vinatier;S. Viti;Rens Waters;P. Wawer;A. Wawrzaszek;A. Whitworth;Yuk L. Yung;S. Yurchenko;M. Z. Osorio;R. Zellem;T. Zingales;F. Zwart
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Tinetti;P. Drossart;P. Eccleston;P. Hartogh;A. Heske;J. Leconte;G. Micela;M. Ollivier;G. Pilbratt;L. Puig;D. Turrini;B. Vandenbussche;Paulina Wolkenberg;J. Beaulieu;L. A. Buchave;Martin Ferus;M. Griffin;M. Guedel;K. Justtanont;P. Lagage;Pedro Machado;G. Malaguti;Michiel Min;H. Nørgaard-Nielsen;Mirek Rataj;T. Ray;Ignasi Ribas;M. Swain;R. Szabó;Stephanie C. Werner;J. Barstow;Matt Burleigh;James Cho;V. C. du Foresto;A. Coustenis;L. Decin;T. Encrenaz;M. Galand;M. Gillon;R. Helled;J. C. Morales;A. G. Muñoz;A. Moneti;Isabella Pagano;E. Pascale;G. Piccioni;David Pinfield;Subhajit Sarkar;F. Selsis;J. Tennyson;A. Triaud;O. Venot;I. Waldmann;David Waltham;Gillian S. Wright;J. Amiaux;J. Auguères;M. Berthé;N. Bezawada;G. Bishop;Neil Bowles;Deirdre Coffey;J. Colomé;M. Crook;P. Crouzet;Vania Da Peppo;I. E. Sanz;M. Focardi;M. Frericks;Tom Hunt;R. Kohley;K. Middleton;G. Morgante;R. Ottensamer;E. Pace;Chris Pearson;R. Stamper;K. Symonds;M. Rengel;E. Renotte;P. Ade;L. Affer;Christophe Alard;Nicole F. Allard;F. Altieri;Yves André;Claudio Arena;I. Argyriou;Alan Aylward;C. Baccani;Gáspár Á. Bakos;M. Banaszkiewicz;Mike Barlow;V. Batista;G. Bellucci;S. Benatti;Pernelle Bernardi;Bruno Bézard;M. Błęcka;É. Bolmont;B. Bonfond;R. Bonito;A. Bonomo;J. Brucato;Allan Sacha Brun;I. Bryson;W. Bujwan;S. Casewell;B. Charnay;C. Pestellini;Guo Chen;A. Ciaravella;R. Claudi;R. Clédassou;M. Damasso;M. Damiano;C. Danielski;Pieter Deroo;A. D. di Giorgio;Carsten Dominik;V. Doublier;S. Doyle;René Doyon;Benjamin Drummond;Bastien Duong;S. Eales;Billy Edwards;Maria Farina;E. Flaccomio;Leigh Fletcher;F. Forget;Steve Fossey;Markus Fränz;Yuka Fujii;A. Garcia-Piquer;W. Gear;H. Geoffray;Jean-Claude Gérard;L. Gesa;H. Gomez;Rafał Graczyk;C. Griffith;D. Grodent;M. Guarcello;J. Gustin;K. Hamano;P. Hargrave;Y. Hello;Kevin Heng;E. Herrero;A. Hornstrup;Benoît Hubert;Shigeru Ida;M. Ikoma;N. Iro;Patrick Irwin;C. Jarchow;Jean Jaubert;Hugh R. A. Jones;Queyrel Julien;Shingo Kameda;F. Kerschbaum;P. Kervella;T. Koskinen;M. Krijger;N. Krupp;M. Lafarga;F. Landini;E. Lellouch;G. Leto;A. Luntzer;T. Rank-Lüftinger;Antonio Maggio;J. Maldonado;Jean-Pierre Maillard;Urs Mall;J. Marquette;Stéphane Mathis;P. Maxted;T. Matsuo;A. Medvedev;Yamila Miguel;V. Minier;G. Morello;Alessandro Mura;N. Narita;V. Nascimbeni;N. Nguyen Tong;V. Noce;F. Oliva;E. Pallé;Paul Palmer;M. Pancrazzi;A. Papageorgiou;V. Parmentier;M. Perger;A. Petralia;S. Pezzuto;Ray Pierrehumbert;I. Pillitteri;G. Piotto;G. Pisano;L. Prisinzano;A. Radioti;J. Réess;L. Rezac;M. Rocchetto;A. Rosich;N. Sanna;A. Santerne;G. Savini;G. Scandariato;B. Sicardy;Carles Sierra;G. Sindoni;K. Skup;I. Snellen;M. Sobiecki;L. Soret;A. Sozzetti;A. Stiepen;A. Strugarek;Jake Taylor;William Taylor;L. Terenzi;M. Tessenyi;A. Tsiaras;C. Tucker;Diana Valencia;G. Vasisht;A. Vazan;F. Vilardell;S. Vinatier;S. Viti;Rens Waters;P. Wawer;A. Wawrzaszek;A. Whitworth;Yuk L. Yung;S. Yurchenko;M. Z. Osorio;R. Zellem;T. Zingales;F. Zwart
现在已经发现了成千上万的系外行星，它们的质量、大小和轨道都有很大的不同：从岩石状的类地行星到掠过其宿主星星表面的大型气体巨星。然而，这些系外行星的本质在很大程度上仍然是神秘的：没有已知的、可辨别的模式将行星的存在、大小或轨道参数与其母星星的性质联系起来。我们不知道行星的化学成分是否与其形成环境有关，或者宿主星星的类型是否驱动了行星诞生和进化的物理和化学过程。ARIEL的设想是利用1.25 - 7.8微米光谱范围内的凌日光谱和光学范围内的多重窄带测光，观测大量（约1000个）凌日行星，以进行统计了解，包括围绕一系列主星星类型的气体巨星、海王星、超级地球和地球大小的行星。ARIEL将专注于温暖和炎热的行星，以利用它们良好的混合大气，与它们较冷的太阳系兄弟相比，它们应该显示出最小的高Z物质冷凝和隔离。预计上述温暖和炎热的大气层更能代表行星的整体组成。对这些温暖/炎热的系外行星的观测，特别是它们的元素组成（特别是C、O、N、S、Si），将有助于了解星云阶段和随后几百万年行星和大气形成的早期阶段。因此，ARIEL将提供系外行星化学性质的代表性图片，并将其直接与宿主星星的类型和化学环境联系起来。ARIEL被设计为一个专门的组合光光谱学调查使命，能够在其4年的使命寿命内观测一个大的和明确的行星样本。凌日、日食和相位曲线光谱学方法，利用行星星历的知识区分来自星星和行星的信号，使我们能够测量来自行星的大气信号，相对于星星，其水平为百万分之10 - 100，考虑到目标的明亮性质，还允许更复杂的技术，如日食测绘，以更深入地了解大气层的性质。这些类型的观测需要稳定的有效载荷和具有广泛的瞬时波长覆盖范围的卫星平台，以探测许多分子种类，探测热结构，识别云和监测恒星活动。提议的波长范围涵盖所有预期的主要大气气体，从H2O、CO2、CH 4NH3、HCN、H2S到更奇异的金属化合物，例如TiO、VO和凝聚态物质。利用对使命性能的保守估计和测量中所有重要噪声源的完整模型，并利用包含最新可用系外行星统计数据的潜在ARIEL目标清单，对ARIEL在进行系外行星勘测中的性能进行了模拟。A阶段研究结束时的结论是，ARIEL----符合所述的使命目标----将能够根据所采用的调查战略的细节观测大约1000颗系外行星，从而证实了主要科学目标的可行性。
Thousands of exoplanets have now been discovered with a huge range of masses, sizes and orbits: from rocky Earth-like planets to large gas giants grazing the surface of their host star. However, the essential nature of these exoplanets remains largely mysterious: there is no known, discernible pattern linking the presence, size, or orbital parameters of a planet to the nature of its parent star. We have little idea whether the chemistry of a planet is linked to its formation environment, or whether the type of host star drives the physics and chemistry of the planet’s birth, and evolution. ARIEL was conceived to observe a large number (~1000) of transiting planets for statistical understanding, including gas giants, Neptunes, super-Earths and Earth-size planets around a range of host star types using transit spectroscopy in the 1.25–7.8 μm spectral range and multiple narrow-band photometry in the optical. ARIEL will focus on warm and hot planets to take advantage of their well-mixed atmospheres which should show minimal condensation and sequestration of high-Z materials compared to their colder Solar System siblings. Said warm and hot atmospheres are expected to be more representative of the planetary bulk composition. Observations of these warm/hot exoplanets, and in particular of their elemental composition (especially C, O, N, S, Si), will allow the understanding of the early stages of planetary and atmospheric formation during the nebular phase and the following few million years. ARIEL will thus provide a representative picture of the chemical nature of the exoplanets and relate this directly to the type and chemical environment of the host star. ARIEL is designed as a dedicated survey mission for combined-light spectroscopy, capable of observing a large and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. Transit, eclipse and phase-curve spectroscopy methods, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allow us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of 10–100 part per million (ppm) relative to the star and, given the bright nature of targets, also allows more sophisticated techniques, such as eclipse mapping, to give a deeper insight into the nature of the atmosphere. These types of observations require a stable payload and satellite platform with broad, instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect many molecular species, probe the thermal structure, identify clouds and monitor the stellar activity. The wavelength range proposed covers all the expected major atmospheric gases from e.g. H2O, CO2, CH4NH3, HCN, H2S through to the more exotic metallic compounds, such as TiO, VO, and condensed species. Simulations of ARIEL performance in conducting exoplanet surveys have been performed – using conservative estimates of mission performance and a full model of all significant noise sources in the measurement – using a list of potential ARIEL targets that incorporates the latest available exoplanet statistics. The conclusion at the end of the Phase A study, is that ARIEL – in line with the stated mission objectives – will be able to observe about 1000 exoplanets depending on the details of the adopted survey strategy, thus confirming the feasibility of the main science objectives.