Oil palm use by adjacent communities of chimpanzees at Bossou and Nimba Mountains, West Africa
Oil palm use by adjacent communities of chimpanzees at Bossou and Nimba Mountains, West Africa
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DOI：
10.1023/b:ijop.0000023575.93644.f4
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发表时间：
2004-06-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Matsuzawa, T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Humle, T;Matsuzawa, T
我们调查了油棕（Elaeis guineensis）用于喂养3个黑猩猩社区：几内亚的Bossou和Seringbara以及科特迪瓦的Yeale。Bossou被用作比较的基准。Bossou黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes verus）表现出广泛的针对油棕的行为。我们直接观察了他们使用的两种工具，即，坚果开裂和杵捣，以建立严格和可靠的标准，以确定在两个相邻的宁巴网站的可比行为的存在。根据对三个地点油棕的每月调查，使用模式出现了重大差异。Bossou黑猩猩表现出最高频率的油棕使用，而Seringbara黑猩猩，6公里外，未能表现出任何使用和Yeale黑猩猩，12公里外，显示所有用途可比Bossou黑猩猩除了杵捣和成熟的叶髓喂养。我们研究了油棕榈的密度和分布，坚果开裂和杵捣的工具可用性，水果，花和坚果的可用性，竞争与同域物种的水果和坚果和水果物种的多样性在整个3个网站的饮食。我们没有发现明显的差异，在近环境变量的基础上观察到的变化，油棕使用的3个网站之间，得出的结论是，差异是文化。假设社区之间的个人交流和社会学习的参与，在intrachomity传输和维护油棕的使用，结果提出了有趣的问题，相邻的黑猩猩社区之间的行为扩散。
We investigated oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) use for feeding in 3 chimpanzee communities: Bossou and Seringbara in Guinea and Yeale in Cote d'Ivoire. Bossou was used as the benchmark for comparison. Bossou chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus) exhibit a wide range of oil palm targeted behaviors. We used direct observations of their two tool use, i.e., nut-cracking and pestle pounding, to establish strict and reliable criteria to ascertain the presence of comparable behaviors at the two adjacent Nimba sites. Based on monthly surveys of oil palms across the three sites, significant differences in patterns of use emerged. Bossou chimpanzees demonstrated the greatest frequency of oil palm use, while Seringbara chimpanzees, 6 km away, failed to exhibit any use and Yeale chimpanzees, 12 km away, showed all uses comparable to Bossou chimpanzees except pestle pounding and mature leaf pith-feeding. We examined the density and distribution of oil palms, tool availability for nut-cracking and pestle pounding, fruit, flower and nut availability, competition with sympatric species for fruit and nuts and the diversity of fruit species in the diet across the 3 sites. We found no clear difference in proximate environmental variables underlying observed variations in oil palm use among the 3 sites, yielding the conclusion that the differences are cultural. Assuming individual interchange between communities and the involvement of social learning in the intracommunity transmission and maintenance of oil palm uses, the result raises interesting questions about diffusion of behavior between neighboring chimpanzee communities.