Seabed Fluid Flow
Seabed Fluid Flow
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1468-8123.2007.00189.x
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发表时间：
2007-11
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
M. Hutnak
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Hutnak
这本书描述了与海底流体（气体和液体）流动有关的地质特征和过程。考虑的最主要的流体是甲烷，尽管热液、岩浆、大气流体和孔隙流体也被讨论。作者试图将广泛的科学学科（主要是地球科学、生物科学、化学科学、环境科学和海洋科学）联系在一起，以便对海底流体流动进行全面综合，并展示通常单独考虑的过程之间的相互作用。这本书是针对科学家的研究兴趣在海洋环境（上面和下面的海床），并在那些有兴趣的勘探和开发，海洋资源的行业。这本精装书共有475页，11章，包含大量的图表和灰度图像。（其他彩色地图在随附的网站上展示，还有多位同事的Powerpoint演示文稿。）作者首先介绍了海底流体流动，紧接着在第2章中对北海的麻点、浅层气体和渗漏进行了初步评价。第3章描述了世界许多地区海底流体流动的表现形式（即麻坑、渗漏、泥火山和天然气水合物）。第4章描述了流体流动发生的海洋环境（海岸、大陆架、斜坡和隆起以及深海）和构造环境（收敛、发散和转换板块边界，以及板内环境）。第5章讨论了微生物和地质作用产生的海底流体通量的性质和来源，并为后续各章研究这些流体的命运和影响奠定了基础。第6章描述了浅层天然气和天然气水合物的形成，包括浅层天然气的地球物理指标以及导致天然气水合物形成和解离的过程和环境。第7章讨论了流体运移和由此形成的各种海底特征（即麻坑、泥火山、泥底辟、裂缝、砂状特征），并附有各种实例。本章第一次定量讨论了海底流体流动的物理规律。第8章和第9章讨论了海底流体流动及其与生物有机体和矿物沉淀的相关性。讨论了浅水和深水地点与局部流体通量相关的生物活性增加，并考虑了相关食物网的具体方面。在介绍了甲烷衍生自生碳酸盐的性质和来源之后，研究了流体流动对其他类型海相碳酸盐（包括与生物活性有关的类型）形成的影响。考虑了高温热液喷吐和低温海底渗流形成的含金属矿床。第10章考察了海底流体通量对海水的化学、物理和生物性质的影响，并介绍了海洋对大气甲烷的贡献知之甚少，但对全球气候变化可能很重要的观点。最后一章探讨海底流体流动对人类的影响。讨论了与海底斜坡不稳定相关的地质灾害（如海啸和浊流），以及对人造海底设施的危害。作者最后讨论了潜在的经济效益，以及一些…
This book describes geological features and processes associated with the flow of fluids (both gases and liquids) through the seabed. The most prominent fluid considered is methane, although hydrothermal, magmatic, meteoric, and pore fluids are also discussed. The authors attempt to tie together a wide range of scientific disciplines (primarily the geosciences, biosciences, chemical sciences, environmental sciences, and ocean sciences) in order to weave a comprehensive synthesis of seabed fluid flow, and to demonstrate the interactions between processes that are often considered separately. The book is targeted at scientists with research interests in the marine environment (both above and below the seabed), and at those within industry interested in exploration for, and exploitation of, marine resources. The hard-bound production comprises 475 pages with 11 chapters containing numerous charts and grayscale images.(Additional color maps are presented on an accompanying website, as are contributing Powerpoint presentations by various colleagues.) The authors begin with an introduction to seabed fluid flow, followed immediately in Chapter 2 by an initial appraisal of pockmarks, shallow gas, and seeps in the North Sea. Chapter 3 describes manifestations (namely pockmarks, seeps, mud volcanoes, and gas hydrates) of seabed fluid flow from many parts of the world. Chapter 4 describes the oceanographic environments (coastal, continental shelf, slope and rise, and the deep ocean) and tectonic contexts (convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries, as well as intraplate settings) in which fluid flow occurs. Chapter 5 discusses the nature and origins of seabed fluid flux derived from microbiological and geological processes, and provides a foundation for subsequent chapters in which the fate and impact of these fluids are examined. Chapter 6 describes the formation of shallow gas and gas hydrates, including geophysical indicators of shallow gas and the processes and environments leading to the formation and dissociation of gas hydrates. Fluid migration and the resultant formation of various seabed features (namely pockmarks, mud volcanoes, mud diapirs, diatremes, sand features) are discussed, along with various examples, in Chapter 7. This chapter contains the first quantitative discussion of the physics governing seabed fluid flow. Chapters 8 and 9 discuss seabed fluid flow and its relevance to biological organisms and mineral precipitation. The increase in biological activity associated with localized fluid flux is discussed for both shallow and deep water sites, and specific aspects of the associated foodwebs are considered. Following an introduction to the nature and origin of methane-derived authigenic carbonate, the influences of fluid flow on the formation of other types of marine carbonate (including those associated with biological activity) are examined. Metalliferous deposits formed both by high-temperature hydrothermal venting and by low-temperature seabed seepage are considered. Chapter 10 examines the effects of seabed fluid flux on the chemical, physical, and biological nature of seawater, and introduces the idea that contributions to atmospheric methane by the oceans are poorly understood, but potentially important to global climate change. The final chapter examines the implications of seabed fluid flow for mankind. Geohazards associated with seabed slope instability (such as tsunamis and turbidity flows) are discussed, along with hazards to manmade seabed installations. The authors conclude with a discussion of potential economic benefits, and the need for environmental protection of some of the …