Smoked heroin in rhesus monkeys: effects of heroin extinction, and fluid availability on measures of heroin seeking
Smoked heroin in rhesus monkeys: effects of heroin extinction, and fluid availability on measures of heroin seeking
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DOI：
10.1016/s0091-3057(02)01070-5
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发表时间：
2003-02-01
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Foltin, RW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Evans, SM;Nasser, J;Foltin, RW
本研究的目的是评估吸食海洛因在非阿片类依赖的非人类灵长类动物中的强化效果，当提供替代增强剂甜味剂时。4只成年雄性恒河猴生活在三个小室中，小室一端给予海洛因(0、0.3和0.6 mg/kg)，另一端给予口服甜味液，中间小室无商品供应。猴子在与毒品有关的房间里呆的时间长短提供了寻找毒品的一种衡量标准(即位置偏好)。在自我管理过程中，采用了第二级强化计划，在第一部分中，通过简要介绍与强化相关的刺激来维持反应。在第二组分期间，通过输送增强剂和相关的刺激来维持反应。在第一部分中的回应提供了寻找毒品的第二个衡量标准。猴子每天也有选择试验，当它们可以选择为任何一种商品工作时。选择行为提供了寻求毒品的第三个衡量标准。每个实验日包括吸烟部分(四次吸烟试验)、甜味液体部分(四次液体试验)和选择部分(四次选择试验)。猴子通常每天在两种有效海洛因剂量都可用的情况下完成所有四次吸烟试验。在四个选择试验中的3.5个试验中，他们选择了两种剂量的海洛因，而不是液体，而且他们对海洛因腔的位置有偏好。在基线条件下，与低剂量海洛因相比，高剂量海洛因的获取反应数量和消费反应(吸入)数量更多。此外，当车辆被替代时，与低剂量海洛因相比，高剂量海洛因的反应需要更长的时间来消除。在海洛因消退过程中，对液体的习得反应增加，液体选择的数量增加，位置偏好向液体腔转移。这些数据表明，在非依赖型恒河猴中，当海洛因不可用时，寻求海洛因的措施减少，寻找行为转移到可用的替代商品上。(C)2002 Elsevier Science Inc.保留所有权利。
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the reinforcing effects of smoked heroin in nonopioid-dependent nonhuman primates when an alternative reinforcer, sweetened fluid, was made available. Four adult male rhesus monkeys lived in three chambers, with heroin self-administration (0, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/kg) specific to one end of the chamber, oral sweetened fluid self-administration specific to the other end chamber, and no commodity available in the middle chamber. The length of time monkeys spent in the drug-associated chamber provided one measure of drug seeking (i.e., location preference). During self-administration sessions, a second-order schedule of reinforcement was used, with responding during the first component maintained by a brief presentation of the stimuli associated with reinforcement. Responding during the second component was maintained by a delivery of the reinforcer, and the associated stimuli. Responding during the first component provided a second measure of drug seeking. Monkeys also had choice trials each day, when they could choose to work for either commodity. Choice behavior provided a third measure of drug seeking. Each experimental day consisted of a smoking session (four smoking trials), a sweetened fluid session (four fluid trials), and a choice session (four choice trials). Monkeys typically completed all four smoking trials each day when either of the active heroin doses was available. They chose both heroin doses over fluid on 3.5 of the four choice trials, and they had a location preference for the heroin chamber. Under baseline conditions, the number of acquisition responses and the number of consumption responses (inhalations) were greater for the high dose of heroin compared to the low dose of heroin. Further, it took longer to extinguish the responding for the high dose of heroin compared to the low dose of heroin when a vehicle was substituted. During heroin extinction, acquisition responding for fluid increased, the number of fluid choices increased, and location preference shifted to the fluid chamber. These data suggest that-in nondependent rhesus monkeys, measures of heroin seeking decreased when heroin was not available and seeking behavior shifted to the available alternative commodity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.