Controls on the seafloor exposure of detachment fault surfaces

Controls on the seafloor exposure of detachment fault surfaces
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对滑脱断层面海底暴露的控制

DOI:
10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.001
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发表时间:
2019
影响因子:
5.3
通讯作者:
Petersen, Sven
Petersen, Sven
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Olive, Jean-Arthur;Parnell-Turner, Ross;Escartín, Javier;Smith, Deborah K.;Petersen, Sven

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虽然海洋拆离断层被认为是造成北大西洋新海底增加40%的原因,但大偏移、经常褶皱的断层表面的清晰暴露仍然很少,而且空间有限。为了帮助解决这一矛盾,我们研究的条件下,剥离断层生长可能会或可能不会导致广泛暴露的波纹断层面在海底。使用高分辨率测深仪从四个拆离断层在北方大西洋中脊,我们调查漂流的上盘衍生碎片在新兴的断层崖,这可能会导致覆盖浅倾角波纹断层面。我们模拟这个过程中使用临界锥理论,并推断低有效摩擦系数(0.2)的最浅部分的拆离断层。这一结果的一个推论是,以<13°的角度从海底出现的碎屑更有可能被覆盖在上壁材料的裙板之下。我们将这些发现概括为一个简单的模型,逐步暴露和弯曲旋转的分离下盘,这占了海底成形过程的持续行动。我们的模型表明,许多中等偏置,隐藏的拆离断层可能存在沿着缓慢的洋中脊,并没有一个暴露的断层面。
While oceanic detachment faults have been proposed to account for the accretion of ∼40% of new seafloor in the North Atlantic ocean, clear exposures of large-offset, often-corrugated fault surfaces remain scarce and spatially limited. To help resolve this paradox, we examine the conditions under which detachment fault growth may or may not lead to extensive exposure of corrugated fault planes at the seafloor. Using high-resolution bathymetry from four detachment faults at the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, we investigate the rafting of hanging wall-derived debris over emerging fault scarps, which can lead to covering shallow-dipping corrugated fault surfaces. We model this process using critical taper theory, and infer low effective friction coefficients (∼0.2) on the shallowest portion of detachment faults. A corollary to this result is that detachments emerging from the seafloor at angles <13° are more likely to become blanketed under an apron of hanging wall material. We generalize these findings as a simple model for the progressive exposure and flexural rotation of detachment footwalls, which accounts for the continued action of seafloor-shaping processes. Our model suggests that many moderate-offset, hidden detachment faults may exist along slow mid-ocean ridges, and do not feature an exposed fault surface.
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