NATURAL RADIATION IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT.
NATURAL RADIATION IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT.
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发表时间：
1972
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通讯作者：
D. Yeates;A. Goldin;D. Moeller
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作者：
D. Yeates;A. Goldin;D. Moeller
自然辐射是人群剂量的最大来源，是比较辐射防护标准的重要基线。本文总结了我们在自然背景辐射水平方面所做的工作，并报道了来自马萨诸塞州波士顿的一些新数据。经宇宙辐射校正后的伽马剂量率是用大型电离室测量的：木质独栋住宅内的剂量率比室外低25%至50%；在砖石结构住宅中，它们低约10%。空气中的氡浓度，女儿们都是*多诺万·B，叶芝目前在多伦多大学医学生物物理系攻读博士学位。在获得西澳大利亚珀斯珀斯技术学院的所有本科学位后，他在英国萨里大学攻读辐射防护理学硕士学位。以优异的成绩毕业后，他获得了扶轮A技术培训病房，资助了一年的学习，他是哈佛公共学院的研究员，在此期间，他参与了这篇论文的准备工作。TDR。自1968年以来，亚伯拉罕·S·戈尔克林一直是H(！IVard Scho，OL公共卫生)的放射化学副教授。在此之前，他从1951年起在美国公共卫生服务部门工作，主要负责环境放射性核素分析方法的开发。在这段时间的大部分时间里，他负责验证公共卫生服务环境监测项目中的分析结果：J：戴德·W·默勒是哈佛大学公共卫生学院克雷奇环境健康中心的副主任。在担任这一职位之前，他是美国公共卫生服务部门的受命官员，曾担任东北放射健康实验室主管(1961-1966)和罗伯特·A·塔夫脱卫生工程中心(Robert A.Taft Sanitary Engineering Centcr)辐射健康培训活动负责人(1957-1961)。他目前是纳哈纳尔辐射防护和测量委员会的LLLT成员，最近担任国家健康物理学会前主席。他在北卡罗来纳州立大学获得核工程博士学位。用前置和衰变后的阿尔法光谱仪测量：住宅中的浓度与室外浓度相当，但地下室的浓度高出约5倍。写字楼的浓度相当低，雷达子被“通过通风系统去除”。讨论了建筑类型、建筑材料和通风对人体剂量的影响，以及减少人口剂量的可能方法。自然来源的辐射被广泛认为是人类暴露于电离辐射的最大来源。很自然。在美国，辐射通常被认为是人为的，相当于每年80到200毫米雷姆/年的剂量。这可能与来自医学辐射的遗传显著剂量·等值平均55mRems/年2相比！来自所有其他人造放射源的每年小于5mRems的剂量。1在证明中增加的注解‘报告了一种来自医疗辐射的遗传显著剂量为36mRe~S/年。自1972年4月6日在佛罗里达州迈阿密海滩举行的美国放射学大会第49届年会上由R.Brown、R.R.Fuchsberg和J.N.Gitlin在《来自美国公共卫生服务1970年X射线暴露研究的初步剂量估计：]]中详细描述了美国人暴露于的自然辐射；然而，这样的描述似乎是必要的，作为评价人为增量对辐射照射的重要性的基础。本文对确定天然来源剂量的可行性和减少天然来源剂量的可能方法进行了初步研究。天然放射性核素的来源包括宇宙C辐射、来自天然O、C的辐射、地球或人类直接核安全材料中产生的放射性核素，1972年7月至8月第13卷第4期，276一般安全考虑环境，以及来自体内放射性核素的辐射：然而，为了本研究的目的，自然发生的来源只有在它们不是故意浓缩的情况下才被考虑。因此，砖石材料被包括在内，而诸如铀矿厂尾矿、镭刻度盘和医用氡源等来源被省略。还包括对以前的自然辐射剂量测量的回顾，以及对宇宙辐射剂量、各种建筑物内外的地面伽马剂量以及空气中氡及其子体产物浓度的测量。
Natural radiation is the largest source of population dose and is important as a base line with which'radiation· protection standards may be compared. III this article preJ!i~us work on natural background radiation levels is summarized, and some new data from Boston, Mass., are reported. Gamma dose rates, corrected for cosmic radiation, were measured with large ionization chambers: dose rates inside wooden single· family dwellfngs were 25 to 50% lower than tJlOse outside; in masonry l11ulti,'Jle-family dwellings, they 'were about 10% lower. Concentrations of radon, daughters in the air were *Donovan B. ,Yeates is presently studying for his doctorate at the University of Toronto in the Department of Medical Biophysics. After receiving ail undergraduate degree from Perth Technical College, Perth, Western" Australia, he read for a Master of Science degree in radiation p,l'Otection' at the University of Surrey, England. Following graduation with distinction, he won a Rotary A ward for Technical Training that supported a year of stwdy as, a Research Fellow at the Harvard School of PUblic' lIealtll, during which time he collaborated on the preparation of this paper. tDr. Abrahani S. Golclin has been an Associate Professor of Radiochemistry '.at the H(!IVard Scho,ol of Public Health since 1968. Before that he was ,with the U. S. Public Health Service from 1951, with major responsibilities in the development of analytical methodology for environmental radionuc1ides. For much of this time, he was responsible for validation of analyticalresuIts in Public Health Service environmental surveillance programs: :j:Dade W. Moeller is Associate Director of the Kresge Center for Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health. Prior to taking this ,position, he was a commissioned officcr in the U. S. Public Health Service and served as Officer in Charge of the Northeastern Radiological Hcalth Laboratory (1961-1966) and as Chief, Radiolog!cal Health Training Activities, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Centcr (1957-1961). He currently serves as a lllt'mber of the NaHanal Council on Radiation Protection and Measurclllcnts and is the most recent Past President of the mitional Health Physics Society. He received his Ph. D. degree in nuclear engineering from North Carolina State University. measured by predecay and postdecay alpha spectrometry: concentrations in dwellings were compar.able with outdoor concentrations, but concentrations in basements were higher by a factor of about 5. Concentrations in office buildings were quite low, the radorz daughters being" removed by tlie venti/a· 'tion system. Effects of building type, construction materials, and ventilation on human dose are discussed, as are possible ways of reducing population dose. Radiation of natural origin is widely recogniz~d as the largest source of human exposure to ionizing radiation. Natural. radiation is generally considered to contrib,ute a dose equivalent of 80 to 200 mrems/year to peo+1.le in the United States.! This may be cO!]Jpared with the genetically significant dose·equivalent average of 55 mrems/year2 from medical radiation !lind of less than 5 mrems/year from all other man-made radiation sources. 1 Note Addrrd in Proof' A genetically Significant dose from medical radiation of 36 mre~s/year waS reported .from a 1970 survey at the 49th annual meeting of the American Congress of Radiology, Miami Beach, Fla., Apr. 6, 1972, by R. Brown, R. R. Fuchsberg, and J. N. Gitlin in "Preliminary Dose Estimates from the U. S. Public Health Service 1970 X-Ray Exposure Study:"] The natural radiation to which man is exposed in the United States has not yet been delineated in detail; how~ver, it seems that such a description is ne,cessary as a basis for the evaluation of the significance of man-made increments to radiation exposure. Presented in this article is a preliminalY report of a study to determine the feasibilify of establishing the dose of natural origin and ~f c~ploring possible:rnethods for its reduction. Sources of natural oJigin include cosmic C radiation, radiation from naturally o,c,curring radionuclides in the earth or in materials in man's immediate NUCLEAR SAFETY, Vol. 13, No.4, July-August 1972 , 276 GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS environment, and radiation from radionuclides within the body: However, for purposes of this study, naturally occurring sources were considered only if they had not been intentionally concentrated. Thus masonry materials were included, whereas such sources as uranium mill tailings, radium dials, and medical radium sources 'were omitted. Also included is a review of previous measurements of natural-radiation doses supplemented by measurements of cosmic-radiation doses, terrestrial gamma doses inside and outside various buildings, and concentrations of radon,daughter products in the air.