The Origins of Tunnage and Poundage: Parliament and the Estate of Merchants in the 14th Century
The Origins of Tunnage and Poundage: Parliament and the Estate of Merchants in the 14th Century
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吨税和英镑的起源：14 世纪的议会和商人阶层
DOI：
10.1111/j.1750-0206.2009.00110.x
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
0.2
通讯作者：
ORMROD W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ORMROD W
这项研究通过确定所有早期给予隧道和手续费补贴的日期和政治背景，为14世纪第三季度议会与所谓的“商人财产”之间的关系提供了新的证据。直到13世纪70年代，地道税和手续费是由国王理事会在商人团体的同意下授予的；只有在爱德华三世统治结束时，议会才开始授予这项税收，直到13世纪80年代中期，它才完全融入海关系统。在整个试验期间，补贴是为了一个特定的目的：保卫海岸和英国航运。这在一定程度上解释了为什么王室选择与水手和商人团体讨论这个问题，而不是与议会中的上议院和下议院讨论。因此，这份年表对有关13世纪50年代商人财产崩溃以及议会下议院议员接管其财政和政治议程的假设提出了质疑。通过对以英国商人的名义提出的请愿书的分析，可以看出，在爱德华三世统治的剩余时间里，皇室和议会都继续承认这一群体是一个独特的政治实体。决定性的转变不是发生在13世纪50年代，而是发生在1382年，当时商人们自己承认，决定王室财政政策的合适地点确实是在议会。
By establishing the dates and political context of all early grants of the subsidy of tunnage and poundage, this study provides new evidence for the relationship between parliament and the so‐called ‘estate of merchants’ during the third quarter of the 14th century. Until the 1370s, tunnage and poundage was granted by the king's council with the assent of groups of merchants; it was only at the end of Edward III's reign that grants of the tax began to be made in parliament, and only from the mid 1380s that it became fully integrated into the customs system. Throughout the period of experimentation, the subsidy was intended for a specific purpose: the defence of the coasts and of English shipping. This partly explains why the crown chose to discuss it with groups of mariners and merchants rather than with the Lords and Commons in parliament. The chronology therefore calls into question assumptions about the collapse of the estate of merchants in the 1350s and the take‐over of its fiscal and political agenda by the burgesses in the parliamentary Commons. Through an analysis of petitions made in the name of the ‘merchants of England’, it can be shown that crown and parliament alike continued to recognize this group as a distinct political entity for the rest of Edward III's reign. The decisive shift came not in the 1350s but in 1382, when the merchants themselves acknowledged that the appropriate place to determine the crown's financial policies was, indeed, in parliament.