Ensemble-averaged QM/MM kinetic isotope effects for the S(N)2 reaction of cyanide anions with chloroethane in DMSO solution.
Ensemble-averaged QM/MM kinetic isotope effects for the S(N)2 reaction of cyanide anions with chloroethane in DMSO solution.
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DMSO 溶液中氰化物阴离子与氯乙烷发生 S(N)2 反应的整体平均 QM/MM 动力学同位素效应。
DOI:
10.1002/chem.201200443
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发表时间:
2012
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Ruiz Pernía JJ
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Ruiz Pernía JJ
The existence of solvent fluctuations leads to populations of reactant‐state (RS) and transition‐state (TS) configurations and implies that property calculations must include appropriate averaging over distributions of values for individual configurations. Average kinetic isotope effects for NC−+EtCl→NCEt+Cl−in DMSO solution at 30 °C are best obtained as the ratio <fRS>/<fTS> of isotopic partition function ratios separately averaged over all RS and TS configurations. In this way the hybrid AM1/OPLS‐AA potential yields values for all six isotopic substitutions (2° α‐2H2, 2° β‐2H3, α‐11C/14C, leaving group37Cl, and nucleophile13C and15N) for this reaction in the correct direction as measured experimentally. These thermally‐averaged calculated KIEs may be compared meaningfully with experiment, and only one of them differs in magnitude from the experimental value by more than one standard deviation from the mean. This success contrasts with previous KIE calculations based upon traditional methods without averaging. The isotopic partition function ratios are best evaluated using all (internal) vibrational and (external) librational frequencies obtained from Hessians determined for subsets of atoms, relaxed to local minima or saddle points, within frozen solvent environments of structures sampled along molecular dynamics trajectories for RS and TS. The current method may perfectly well be implemented with other QM or QM/MM methods, and thus provides a useful tool for investigating KIEs in relation to studies of chemical reaction mechanisms in solution or catalyzed by enzymes.
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