The Ideological Effects of Actuarial Practices
The Ideological Effects of Actuarial Practices
复制标题
精算实践的意识形态影响
DOI：
10.4324/9781315259604-3
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Simon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Simon
在上个世纪，我们的社会中，根据人口统计知识向个人分配成本和收益的做法有了显着增长。这些精算实践，如保险费设定和教育入学标准化测试，之所以成功，主要是因为它们使权力得以更有效地行使，政治成本更低。与此同时，它们产生的意识形态影响有可能改变个人对自己和群体的认识。在1977年的洛杉矶水电公司诉曼哈特案（《美国最高法院判例汇编》第435卷，第702页）中，美国最高法院审议了对在确定雇员福利时精算使用性别的质疑。这一案例及其引发的辩论，说明了精算实践的意识形态影响对我们的政治文化，特别是对传统上被剥夺权力的阶层（如妇女）所构成的危险。同时也说明了传统的法律的权利话语作为抵御这些危险的手段的局限性。
Over the last century there has been significant growth within our society of practices that distribute costs and benefits to individuals based on statistical knowledge about the population. These actuarial practices like insurance premium setting and standardized testing in educational admissions are successful largely because they allow power to be exercised more effectively and at lower political cost. At the same time they generate ideological effects which have the potential to transform the way individuals understand themselves and their groups. In a 1977 case, Los Angeles Water and Power v. Manhart (435 U.S. 702), the United States Supreme Court considered a challenge to the actuarial use of gender in setting employee benefits. The case and the debates it generated illuminate the danger posed by the ideological effects of actuarial practices to our political culture in general, and to traditionally disempowered classes such as women in particular. At the same time it illustrates the limitation of traditional legal rights discourse as a means of resisting these dangers.