Mycobacterium tuberculosis in zoo and wildlife species
Mycobacterium tuberculosis in zoo and wildlife species
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DOI：
10.20506/rst.20.1.1268
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发表时间：
2001-04-01
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
Cheng, LI
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Montali, RJ;Mikota, SK;Cheng, LI
由结核分枝杆菌和类结核分枝杆菌引起的结核病在许多物种中都被发现，包括非人类灵长类动物、大象和其他外来有蹄类动物、食肉动物、海洋哺乳动物和鹦鹉类鸟类。与结核分枝杆菌相关的疾病大多发生在圈养环境中，似乎并不自然地发生在自由生活的哺乳动物中。结核分枝杆菌可能起源于人类的一种感染，但从人畜共患病的角度来看，非人类灵长类动物、亚洲象和鹦鹉鸟有可能将这种疾病传播给人类。然而，在这些易感物种中，疾病的总体流行率很低，有记录的结核分枝杆菌在动物和人类之间传播的情况并不常见。结核分枝杆菌在哺乳动物中引起进行性肺部疾病，在鹦鹉中引起粘液皮肤病。在所有情况下，这种疾病都可以传播并传播到环境中。活体动物的诊断偏向于非人类灵长类动物的皮内结核菌素测试，大象的鼻子分泌物培养，以及鹦鹉的外部病变的活检和培养。用脱氧核糖核酸探针和核酸扩增的辅助测试，以及酶联免疫吸附分析，已经适用于其中一些物种，结果令人振奋。此外，美国还制定了控制大象结核病的新准则，以及动物饲养员的结核病预防方案。
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. tuberculosis-like organisms has been identified in a wide range of species, including non-human primates, elephants and other exotic ungulates, carnivores, marine mammals and psittacine birds. Disease associated with M. tuberculosis has occurred mostly within captive settings and does not appear to occur naturally in free-living mammals. Mycobacterium tuberculosis probably originated as an infection of humans, but from the zoonotic standpoint, non-human primates, Asian elephants and psittacine birds have the potential to transmit this disease to humans. However, the overall prevalence of disease in these susceptible species is low and documented transmissions of M. tuberculosis between animals and humans are uncommon. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes progressive pulmonary disease in mammals and a muco-cutaneous disease in parrots. In all cases, the disease can disseminate and be shed into the environment. Diagnosis in living animals is biased on intradermal tuberculin testing in non-human primates, culturing trunk secretions in elephants, and biopsy and culture of external lesions in parrots. Ancillary testing with deoxyribonucleic acid probes and nucleic acid amplification, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been adapted to some of these species with promising results. Additionally, new guidelines for controlling tuberculosis in elephants in the United States of America, and programmes for tuberculosis prevention in animal handlers have been established.