Phylogeny and conservation priorities of afrotherian mammals (Afrotheria, Mammalia)
Phylogeny and conservation priorities of afrotherian mammals (Afrotheria, Mammalia)
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00452.x
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Agnarsson, Ingi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kuntner, Matjaz;May-Collado, Laura J.;Agnarsson, Ingi
系统发生学在保护生物学中发挥着越来越重要的作用，它提供了一种物种特异性的生物多样性测量方法——进化独特性（ED）或系统发生多样性（PD），可以帮助确定保护工作的优先次序。目前，有许多可用的方法来整合系统发育和灭绝风险，关于哪一个可能是最好的争论正在进行中。然而，使用任何这些方法来确定保护重点的主要限制是缺乏详细的物种水平系统发育。非洲兽纲是最近被认可的一个分支，在解剖学和生物学上都是多样化的胎盘哺乳动物：大象和猛犸象，儒艮和海牛，水螅，tenrecs，金鼹鼠，象鼩和食蚁兽。迄今为止，系统发育研究的重点是了解非洲兽目主要类群之间更高层次的关系。在这里，我们基于9个分子位点提供了一个物种水平的非frotheria系统发育，其中包括近70%的现存非frotheria物种（50个）和5个灭绝物种。然后，我们使用这种系统发育来评估保护优先级，重点关注广泛使用的进化独特性和全球濒危（EDGE）方法，以及如何将其与最近开发的PD框架进行比较。我们的研究结果支持非洲兽门的单系性及其与Xenarthra的姐妹关系。在非洲纲中，基本划分为非洲食虫纲（食蚁兽、蛛、金鼹鼠和象鼩）和足足纲（水螅、儒艮、海牛和大象），以及所有非洲纲科的单系性：象科、原蛛科、巨蛛科、金龟科、蛛蛛科、毛蛛科和Dugongidae。在非洲昆虫中，我们恢复了最常被提出的拓扑结构（管状齿科，与非洲scoricida和Macroscelidea相似）。在paenungula中，Sirenia是Hyracoidea和Proboscidea的姐妹，这一有争议的关系得到了形态学的支持。在长鼻目中，乳齿象是现存大象的姐妹，长毛象是亚洲象的姐妹，而现存的象属，齿象科和象科都是副象科。进化上最独特的物种包括食蚁兽，其次是象鼩和象尾鼩。在保护优先事项中，排名最高的物种一直包括半水生的宁巴水獭鼩，一些鲜为人知的物种，如北方鼩、蹼足鼩、巨型水獭鼩和巨型金鼹鼠，以及高调的保护标志，如亚洲象、儒艮和三种海牛。保护优先级分析在EDGE和PD方法之间大致一致。然而，对于某些物种，EDGE高估了保护的紧迫性，因为与PD不同，它没有考虑到密切相关但受威胁较小的物种的状况。因此，PD为保护决策提供了更好的指导。
Phylogenies play an increasingly important role in conservation biology providing a species-specific measure of biodiversity - evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) or phylogenetic diversity (PD) - that can help prioritize conservation effort. Currently, there are many available methods to integrate phylogeny and extinction risk, with an ongoing debate on which may be best. However, the main constraint on employing any of these methods to establish conservation priorities is the lack of detailed species-level phylogenies. Afrotheria is a recently recognized clade grouping anatomically and biologically diverse placental mammals: elephants and mammoths, dugong and manatees, hyraxes, tenrecs, golden moles, elephant shrews and aardvark. To date, phylogenetic studies have focused on understanding higher level relationships among the major groups within Afrotheria. Here, we provide a species-level phylogeny of Afrotheria based on nine molecular loci, placing nearly 70% of the extant afrotherian species (50) and five extinct species. We then use this phylogeny to assess conservation priorities focusing on the widely used evolutionary distinctiveness and global endangeredness (EDGE) method and how that compares to the more recently developed PD framework. Our results support the monophyly of Afrotheria and its sister relationship to Xenarthra. Within Afrotheria, the basal division into Afroinsectiphilia (aardvark, tenrecs, golden moles and elephant shrews) and Paenungulata (hyraxes, dugongs, manatees and elephants) is supported, as is the monophyly of all afrotherian families: Elephantidae, Procaviidae, Macroscelididae, Chrysochloridae, Tenrecidae, Trichechidae and Dugongidae. Within Afroinsectiphilia, we recover the most commonly proposed topology (Tubulidentata sister to Afroscoricida plus Macroscelidea). Within Paenungulata, Sirenia is sister to Hyracoidea plus Proboscidea, a controversial relationship supported by morphology. Within Proboscidea, the mastodon is sister to the remaining elephants and the woolly mammoth sister to the Asian elephant, while both living elephant genera, Loxodonta and Elephas are paraphyletic. Top ranking evolutionarily unique species always included the aardvark, followed by several species of elephant shrews and tenrecs. For conservation priorities top ranking species always included the semi-aquatic Nimba otter shrew, some poorly known species, such as the Northern shrew tenrec, web-footed tenrec, giant otter shrew and Giant golden mole, as well as high profile conservation icons like Asian elephant, dugong and the three species of manatee. Conservation priority analyses were broadly congruent between the EDGE and PD methodologies. However, for certain species EDGE overestimates conservation urgency as it, unlike PD, fails to account for the status of closely related, but less threatened, species. Therefore, PD offers a better guide to conservation decisions.