Estonian Psychiatric Hospitals During the German Occupation (1941-1944)
Estonian Psychiatric Hospitals During the German Occupation (1941-1944)
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德国占领期间的爱沙尼亚精神病医院（1941-1944 年）
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发表时间：
2007
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Ken Kalling
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作者：
Ken Kalling
在德国占领期间（1941-1944年），爱沙尼亚与拉脱维亚、立陶宛和白俄罗斯一起组成了一个由德国占领军创建的行政单位——东德国家军政署。尽管有行政上的联系，占领者的面貌却各不相同。有一些共同之处（例如，消灭犹太人口和由于营养状况不良造成的高死亡率），但在消灭精神病人的政策（安乐死）方面似乎有所不同。在爱沙尼亚（也许在立陶宛也是如此），精神病患者似乎逃过了灭绝，但在白俄罗斯和拉脱维亚却没有。此外，没有证据表明在纳粹占领的爱沙尼亚进行了绝育，尽管确实发生了几次优生堕胎。立陶宛的死亡率低或许可以解释为天主教反对消极优生学战略。在优生学思想根深蒂固的爱沙尼亚，死亡人数也同样低，这也许可以用种族和行政的特殊性来解释。一些种族理论家宣称爱沙尼亚人是雅利安人。更重要的是爱沙尼亚人与德国占领的相对合作，从而减少了面向纳粹的安全部队的活动，这些安全部队在奥斯塔兰其他地区对精神病人犯下了罪行。由于拉脱维亚也具有相同的特征，今后需要解决的主要问题是这两个邻近的波罗的海国家不同做法的病因。到目前为止，从纳粹占领的爱沙尼亚对精神病人的态度得出的结论是，爱沙尼亚人如果合作，最好被理解为亲德，而不是亲纳粹。
During the period of the German occupation (1941-1944), Estonia, along with Latvia, Lithuania, and Belorussia, formed the Ostland Reichkomissariat, an administrative unit created by the German occupation force. Despite the administrative ties, the faces of the occupation differed. There were commonalities (e.g., the extermination of the Jewish population and high death rates due to poor nutritional conditions), but there seems to have been a difference with respect to the extermination policy (euthanasia) of mental patients. Psychiatric patients seem to have escaped extermination in Estonia (perhaps also in Lithuania), but not in Belarus and Latvia. In addition, no evidence exists that sterilizations were carried out in Nazi-occupied Estonia, although several eugenic abortions did take place. The low number of deaths in Lithuania can perhaps be explained by Catholic opposition to the strategies of negative eugenics. Similarly low numbers of deaths in Estonia, where the ideolgy of eugenics was, by contrast, well established may perhaps be explained by racial and administrative particularities. Estonians were declared Aryans by some racial theorists. Even more important must have been the relative cooperation of Estonians with the German occupation, thus diminishing the activities of the Nazi-oriented security forces responsible for the crimes against mental patients in other regions of Ostland. As the same traits also characterized Latvia, the main question to be solved in the future is the etiology of different practices in these two neighboring Baltic states. As of now, the conclusion derived from the attitude toward mental patients in Nazi-occupied Estonia is that Estonians, if collaborating, are best understood as having been pro-German rather than pro-Nazi.