Hate crime
Hate crime
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仇恨犯罪
DOI：
10.1080/10282580802295799
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发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Henry
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Henry
关于《马修谢泼德法案》通过的辩论涉及到隐蔽的、有时甚至是公然的反同性恋言论。例如，詹姆斯多布森，创始人和主席的政治强大的宗教组织关注家庭，公开呼吁立法机构投票反对马修谢泼德法案，因为它的意图是“钳制信仰的人谁敢表达他们的道德和圣经的关注同性恋”（斯托特，2007年）。布什总统从一开始就威胁要否决拟议中的仇恨犯罪立法。经过激烈的政治运作，国会无法获得通过该法案所需的票数。因此，对基于性取向的仇恨犯罪仍然没有任何联邦保护。缺乏联邦仇恨犯罪保护并不反映没有针对男女同性恋者的仇恨犯罪。根据联邦调查局最新的仇恨犯罪统计数据，2006年，基于性取向的仇恨犯罪占所有报告的仇恨犯罪的15.5%（联邦调查局，2007年）。由于基于性取向的仇恨犯罪通常不会向警方报告，因此数字可能要高得多。近年来，一系列故事片审查了虚构和真实的性取向动机犯罪案件。例如，《断背山》（Phlad & Lee，2005）讲述了两个牛仔之间长期的秘密恋情。这部电影的结尾是其中一名男子的暴力死亡，可以推断，他是暴力的目标，因为他是同性恋。拉勒米项目（凯恩，加贝，考夫曼，2004年）讲述了马修谢泼德的生与死的令人不寒而栗的故事，一个年轻人谁是残酷的，并留死在一个荒芜的领域在拉勒米，怀俄明州，因为他是同性恋。同样，《男孩不哭》（Sharp，哈特，Kolodner，& Peirce，1999）以令人不安的细节描述了布兰登蒂娜的谋杀，一个变性少年，仅仅因为他的性别身份而被杀害。这些电影中的每一部都打破了“同性恋”的刻板印象。通过将同性恋者描绘成观众可以同情的全面的人，这些电影可能有助于文化规范的变化，导致基于性取向的偏见犯罪变得不那么为社会所接受。事实上，每一部电影都提供了一个积极的反信息，以无情的单一描绘'女性化'同性恋男子或'男性化'同性恋女子。仇恨犯罪处理一个虚构的仇恨犯罪事件的动机是对同性恋的仇恨。然而，与更复杂的电影不同，这部善意的电影很快就变成了一部陈词滥调的情节剧，依赖于它理论上避免的刻板印象的使用。
The debate over passage of the Matthew Shepard Act involved covert and sometimes blatant anti-gay rhetoric. For example, James Dobson, founder and chairman of the politically powerful religious-based organization Focus on the Family, publicly called upon legislatures to vote against the Matthew Shepard Act because its intent was ‘to muzzle people of faith who dare to express their moral and biblical concerns about homosexuality’(Stout, 2007). President Bush threatened from the outset to veto the proposed hate crime legislation. After much intense political maneuvering, Congress was unable to obtain the requisite votes for the passage of the Act. As a result, there continues to be no federal protection for hate crimes based on sexual orientation. The absence of federal hate crime protection does not reflect an absence of hate crimes against gays and lesbians. According to the most recently available FBI hate crime statistics, hate crimes based on sexual orientation accounted for 15.5% of all reported hate crimes in 2006 (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2007). And since hate crimes based on sexual orientation are often not reported to the police, the numbers are probably much higher. In recent years, a series of feature films has examined both fictionalized and true instances of crime motivated by sexual orientation. Brokeback Mountain (Phlad & Lee, 2005), for instance, looks at a long-standing secret love affair between two cowboys. The movie ends in the violent death of one of the men who, it can be inferred, was targeted for violence because he was gay. The Laramie Project (Cane, Gabay, & Kaufman, 2004) tells the chilling tale of the life and death of Matthew Shepard, a young man who was brutalized and left to die in a deserted field in Laramie, Wyoming, because he was gay. Similarly, Boys Don’t Cry (Sharp, Hart, Kolodner, & Peirce, 1999) depicts in disturbing detail the murder of Brandon Teena, a transgendered teenager who was killed solely because of his sexual identity. Each of these movies shatters stereotypes of ‘being gay.’By depicting gay individuals as fully-rounded people with whom the audience can empathize, these movies may contribute to changes in cultural norms, causing bias crime based on sexual orientation to become less socially acceptable. Indeed, each movie provides a positive counter-message to the relentlessly singular depiction of the ‘feminine’gay man or the ‘butch’gay woman. Hate Crime tackles a fictionalized hate crime incident motivated by hatred against gays. Unlike its more sophisticated counterparts, however, this well-intentioned movie devolves rather quickly into a clichéd melodrama that relies upon the same use of stereotypes that it theoretically eschews.