TOTAL SOCIAL ISOLATION IN MONKEYS
TOTAL SOCIAL ISOLATION IN MONKEYS
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.54.1.90
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发表时间：
1965-01-01
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
HARLOW, MK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HARLOW, HF;DODSWORTH, RO;HARLOW, MK
别激动分离株高度恐惧，几乎没有表现出积极的社会行为，也没有攻击性。除了在性行为，6个月的早期和晚期隔离是高度相似的，作为群体，在他们的社会反应。每组中有一名成员表现出基本正常的玩耍行为，每组中有两名成员表现出很少或没有玩耍。两组各有2名成员对成年人有自杀攻击行为，联合组6名成员中有5名成员有攻击婴儿的异常现象。这6只动物中没有一只是社会正常的动物，因为即使是与试验动物玩耍的2只动物也对婴儿有敌意，并且这6只动物中没有一只表现出适当的性行为。这两个群体的成员的调整是高度个人化的，因为一些人充分适应了特定的情况，但没有一个人充分适应了所有甚至大多数类型的情况。第一年隔离的效果。12-24个月（平均18个月）时明显可见。在解除隔离后，尽管隔离后的受试者获得了长期的社会经验。足够严重和持久的早期隔离使猴子的社会情绪水平降低，其中主要的社会反应是恐惧。12个月的完全社会隔离显然足以在恒河猴中持续实现这一结果。相反，短期的完全社会隔离不会在潜力或社会适应方面留下永久性缺陷。对于恒河猴来说，这段时间至少是3个月。3至12个月的完全隔离期或长时间的半隔离导致不同程度的社会损害，并允许可变的行为适应，这可能是基本的个体差异和社会学习经验的函数。因此，处于同样剥夺条件下的个人可能表现为普遍恐惧或无所畏惧，普遍敌对或没有侵略性，或选择性恐惧或选择性敌对。在自由生活的情况下，这些动物中的大多数在有机会学习适应群体之前就会被赶走或淘汰。
Twelve-mo. isolates were highly fearful and showed almost no positive social behavior and no aggression. Except in sexual behavior, the 6-month early and late isolates were highly similar, as groups, in their social responses. One member of each group showed essentially normal play behavior, and 2 of each group showed little or no play. Two members of each group showed suicidal aggression toward adults, and 5 of the 6 members of the combined groups showed the abnormal phenomenon of aggressing against infants. None of the 6 was a socially normal animal, as even the 2 that played with the test animals were hostile to infants and none of the 6 showed adequate sex behavior. The adjustments of the members of these 2 groups were highly individual in that a number adapted adequately to specific situations, but none adapted adequately to all or even most types of situations. The effects of isolation in the 1st yr. thus were clearly evident 12-24 months (mean, 18 mo.) after removal from isolation in spite of the prolonged social experience provided the subjects following isolation. Sufficiently severe and enduring early isolation reduces the monkeys to a social-emotional level in which the primary social responsiveness is fear. Twelve months of total social isolation is apparently sufficient to achieve this result consistently in rhesus monkeys. In contrast, short periods of total social isolation leave no permanent deficits in potentialities or social adjustment. For the rhesus monkey, this period of sparing is at least 3 months. Periods of total isolation somewhere between 3 and 12 months or prolonged periods of semi-isolation result in different degrees of social damage and permit variable behavioral adaptations, perhaps as a function both of basic individual differences and of social learning experiences. Individuals subjected to the same deprivation conditions can thus emerge as generally fearful or fearless, generally hostile or without aggression, or selectively fearful or selectively hostile. Placed in a free-living situation, most of these animals would be driven off or eliminated before they could have an opportunity to learn to adapt to the group.