A Decade of Glyphosate-Resistant Lolium around the World: Mechanisms, Genes, Fitness, and Agronomic Management
A Decade of Glyphosate-Resistant Lolium around the World: Mechanisms, Genes, Fitness, and Agronomic Management
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DOI：
10.1614/ws-08-181.1
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发表时间：
2009-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Boutsalis, Peter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Preston, Christopher;Wakelin, Angela M.;Boutsalis, Peter
1996年在澳大利亚硬叶黑麦草种群中首次发现了抗草甘膦。从那时起，在其他几个国家的硬草和多花黑麦草种群中发现了草甘膦抗性。在过度依赖草甘膦而排除其他杂草控制策略的情况下，选择了抗草甘膦的硬草和多花黑麦草。在这两个物种中发现了草甘膦抗性的两个主要机制：草甘膦转运模式的改变，使得草甘膦积累在抗性植物的叶尖而不是茎分生组织中;以及靶位点5-烯醇式莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶（EPSPS）内Pro 106处的氨基酸取代。也有一些人群同时具有这两种机制。在草甘膦抗性的情况下，靶位点突变倾向于提供比改变的易位机制更低水平的抗性。这些抗性机制中的每一种都是作为一种主要占主导地位的单一基因性状遗传的。由于这些黑麦草物种是专性异交种，这确保了抗性等位基因在花粉和种子中移动。一些抗草甘膦的硬草种群似乎具有与抗性等位基因相关的显著的适应性惩罚。田间调查表明，策略在降低种群中草甘膦抗性频率和杂草种群规模方面的能力各不相同，综合策略-包括替代杂草管理和控制存活植物的种子集-最有效。
Glyphosate resistance was First discovered in populations of rigid ryegrass in Australia in 1996. Since then, glyphosate resistance has been detected in additional Populations of rigid ryegrass and Italian ryegrass in several other countries. Glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass and Italian ryegrass have been selected in situations where there is all overreliance on glyphosate to the exclusion of other weed control tactics. Two major mechanisms of glyphosate resistance have been discovered in these two species: a change in the pattern of glyphosate translocation Such that glyphosate accumulates in the leaf tips of resistant plants instead of in the shoot meristem; and amino acid Substitutions at Pro 106 within the target site, 5-enolpyruvyishikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). There are also populations with both mechanisms. In the case of glyphosate resistance, the target site Mutations tend to provide a lower level of resistance than does the altered translocation mechanism. Each of these resistance mechanisms is inherited as a single gene trait that is largely dominant. As these ryegrass species are obligate outcrossers, this ensures resistance alleles call move in both pollen and seed. Some glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass Populations appear to have a significant fitness penalty associated with the resistance allele. Field Surveys show that strategies vary in their ability to reduce the frequency of glyphosate resistance in populations and weed Population size, with integrated strategies-including alternative weed management and controlling seed set of surviving plants-the most effective.