Reconstruction in Japan
Reconstruction in Japan
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日本重建
DOI：
10.1080/01944365208979113
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发表时间：
1952
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
H. E. Wildes
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. E. Wildes
就在日本投降的那一天，也就是1945年8月15日，东京市政府开始起草重建计划。这项任务非常艰巨。在被空袭和大火摧毁的12.25万英亩城市土地中，约有三分之一，即3.75万英亩，位于东京都市区。在市中心的4,447,241所住宅中，一些不足以防止残酷和危险的拥堵的房屋(2,259,879所)被摧毁，还有60万所房屋被推倒，以打开防火屏障，以挽救其余房屋。其中，东京本身就损失了569,068人。人们已经听说了很多关于原子弹的事情，但广岛在那次壮观的破坏现场，在住房损失总额中只排在第七位。东京的损失是广岛的9倍，大阪的6倍。其他城市的情况更糟。名古屋，一个比广岛更大的中心，被彻底摧毁了。在32,500所房屋中，滨松只保留了3,740所，在16,900所房屋中只保留了846所，在18,099所房屋中保留了2,901所，在10,154所房屋中保留了1,344所福山。无家可归者不少于8995,000人。在东京和横滨，在福井和长崎，在日本的每个主要城市，被炸毁的男男女女和他们的孩子挤在掩体里，挤在简陋的棚屋里，或者在火车站里露营。地铁站台是它们存在的地方，是人们首选的避难所。雇员睡在办公室，老师睡在学校。那些幸运地保住了房子的人被亲戚和朋友占领，甚至是寻求和保护避难所的陌生人。在地震、火灾和洪水灾害中训练有素的政府官员迅速采取行动，尽可能地恢复秩序。幸运的是，夏末时节虽然多雨，但不需要立即防御寒冷的天气，但重建房屋、恢复供水系统和修复交通设施是最重要的必需品。与日本其他地方一样，东京的规划者认识到了他们实现城市现代化的机会。1945年8月15日，重建委员会决定了防火和分区、分散购物和娱乐区、创建文化中心、公园、绿地和美化河岸。乐观情绪是无限的。随后提出并很快通过的计划要求修建808英里长的新主干道，其中大部分宽度为300码，并修建高速地铁，以取代高架线路和地面手推车。东京市将更换约6000座桥梁，10平方英里的低地贫民区将被填平和分级，7350英亩的东京将成为绿地保护区。
On the very day Japan surrendered, August 15, 1945, Tokyo municipal authorities began drafting plans for reconstruction. The task was stupendous. Of the 122,500 urban acres devastated by air-raids and fires about a third, 37,500 acres, lay within metropolitan Tokyo. Of 4,447,241 dwelling houses in the urban centers, a number insufficient to prevent a cruel and dangerous congestion (2,259,879) had been destroyed, together with 600,000 more pulled down to open firebreaks that would save the rest. Of these Tokyo itself had lost 569,068. Much has been heard of the atom bomb but Hiroshima, scene of that spectacular destruction, stood but seventh in the total loss of housing. Tokyo’s loss was nine times that of Hiroshima, Osaka’s six times as great. Other cities fared even worse. Nagoya, a larger center than Hiroshima, was 89 percent destroyed. Hammamatsu retained but 3,740 of its 32,500 houses, Hidachi only 846 out of 16,900, Kofu 2,901 of 18,099 and Fukuyama but 1,344 out of 10,154. No less than 8,995,000 persons were homeless. In Tokyo and Yokohama, in Fukui and Nagasaki, in every major city of Japan, bombed-out men and women and their children crowded into dug-outs, into flimsy shacks or camped out in railway stations. Subway platforms, where they existed, were preferred refuges. Employes slept in their offices, teachers in their schools. Those fortunate enough to retain their houses were overrun by relatives and friends, even by strangers seeking and securing shelter.Government officials, well drilled in earthquake, fire and flood disasters, moved quickly to restore such order as was ‘possible. Luckily, the late summer season, while rainy, obviated any immediate need for defense against cold weather but rebuilding of houses, restoration of water systems and repair of transportation facilities were paramount necessities. As elsewhere in Japan, Tokyo’s planners recognized their opportunity to modernize the city. The reconstruction council of August 15, 1945 decided upon fireproofing and zoning, upon decentralization of shopping and amusement areas, upon creation of cultural centers, of parks, of green-areas and upon beautification of river banks. Optimism was unbounded. Plans then proposed and soon adopted called for the building of 808 miles of new main highway, much of it to be 300 yards in width, and of high speed subways to replace elevated lines and surface trolleys. Some 6,000 bridges were to be replaced in Tokyo city, ten square miles of lowland slum district would be filled and graded and 7,350 acres of Tokyo would become a greenbelt reserve.