Sympatric ecological divergence associated with a color polymorphism.
Sympatric ecological divergence associated with a color polymorphism.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1186/s12915-015-0192-7
复制
发表时间：
2015-10-05
期刊：
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Meyer A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kusche H;Elmer KR;Meyer A
颜色多态性是许多物种的一个显着特征，也是解决广泛的生态和进化问题的一种方法。随着时间的推移，颜色多态性的三种潜在的主要进化命运是可以想象的：维持、丧失或物种形成。然而，对颜色多态性及其进化意义的理解经常因颜色的性别连锁、未知的遗传模式、表型表征的困难以及缺乏进化复制而受到损害。因此，颜色多态性在促进生态和进化多样化中的作用仍然知之甚少。在这种背景下，我们评估了不受这些限制阻碍的颜色多态性研究系统的生态和进化后果：来自中美洲尼加拉瓜大湖和火山口湖的金色/深色迈达斯慈鲷鱼（Amphilophus citrinellus物种复合体）的反复适应性辐射。我们对这种年轻的适应性辐射（<6,000 岁）的 10 个种群进行了多性状形态学和生态分析，揭示了与显着的二元（金色/深色）颜色多态性相关的同域生态分化。在十个颜色变形对中观察到不同程度的种内生态分歧，但大多数颜色变形对在种群中表现出一致的平行生态和进化轨迹。具体来说，与同种、同域的深色个体相比，金色迈达斯丽鱼科鱼通常身体较深，具有更坚固的咽颌，并且以较低的营养水平进食。一项常见的花园实验表明，颜色和生态形态特征之间存在遗传相关性。我们展示了这种适应性辐射中颜色多态性前所未有的生态和进化后果。在整个物种复合体中，同域同种个体的生态形态有所不同，具体取决于颜色形态（金色/深色），并且分化轴在重复中趋于一致。野生种群和常见花园实验之间的一致差异表明颜色与生态具有遗传相关性。由于众所周知，弥达斯丽鱼会进行颜色选型交配，因此这种颜色多态性与生态形态差异的假定遗传相关性表明，其具有促进该物种复合体生态和进化差异的先天潜力。然而，迄今为止，还没有基于这种辐射颜色的物种形成的例子，这表明这种颜色多态性的长期维持。本文的在线版本 (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0192-7) 包含补充材料，可供授权用户使用。
Color polymorphisms are a conspicuous feature of many species and a way to address broad ecological and evolutionary questions. Three potential major evolutionary fates of color polymorphisms are conceivable over time: maintenance, loss, or speciation. However, the understanding of color polymorphisms and their evolutionary implications is frequently impaired by sex-linkage of coloration, unknown inheritance patterns, difficulties in phenotypic characterization, and a lack of evolutionary replicates. Hence, the role of color polymorphisms in promoting ecological and evolutionary diversification remains poorly understood. In this context, we assessed the ecological and evolutionary consequences of a color polymorphic study system that is not hampered by these restrictions: the repeated adaptive radiations of the gold/dark Midas cichlid fishes (the Amphilophus citrinellus species complex) from the great lakes and crater lakes of Nicaragua, Central America. We conducted multi-trait morphological and ecological analyses from ten populations of this young adaptive radiation (<6,000 years old), which revealed sympatric ecological differentiation associated with the conspicuous binary (gold/dark) color polymorphism. Varying degrees of intraspecific ecological divergence were observed across the ten color morph pairs, but most pairs exhibited a consistently parallel ecological and evolutionary trajectory across populations. Specifically, gold Midas cichlids are frequently deeper-bodied, have more robust pharyngeal jaws, and feed at a lower trophic level compared to conspecific, sympatric dark individuals. A common garden experiment suggests there is a genetic correlation of color and eco-morphological traits. We demonstrate unprecedented ecological and evolutionary consequences of color polymorphism in this adaptive radiation. Across the species complex, sympatric conspecific individuals differed in eco-morphology depending on color morph (gold/dark) and the axis of differentiation tended to be consistent across replicates. The consistent divergence across wild populations and the common garden experiment suggests that color is genetically correlated to ecology. Because Midas cichlids are known to mate color assortatively, the putative genetic correlation of this color polymorphism with an eco-morphological divergence suggests an innate potential to promote ecological and evolutionary divergence across this species complex. However, there are to date no examples of speciation based on color in this radiation, suggesting long-term maintenance of this color polymorphism. The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0192-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.